Female urethral diverticulum

Abstract

; C-reactive protein, 2.3 mg/dL. Urinalysis demons-trated microscopic pyuria (50-75 white blood cells/high power field). Transabdominal ultrasonography disclosed a complex cystic mass on the base of the urinary bladder. Voiding cystourethrogram showed contrast material filling the urethral diverticulum (UD) that encircled the urethral lumen (Figure-1). Coronal and axial T2-weighted MR images demons-trated a circumferential high-signal intensity, fluid--filled lesion with fluid-debris level and confirmed the diagnosis of UD (Figure-2). Cystourethroscopy showed two orifices of the UD (Figure-3). Transvagi-nal diverticulectomy was performed and postopera-tive course was uneventful. A UD is a focal outpouching of the urethra and usually occurs in women in the 3rd-7th decade of life, with an estimated prevalence of 0.6-6% (1). The vast majority of UDs are from acquired causes, with the most widely accepted theory involving rup-ture of a chronically obstructed and infected periu-rethral gland into the urethral lumen. Risk factors for acquired UDs include repeated infection of the pe-riurethral glands, vaginal birth trauma, trauma from the prior vaginal or urethral procedures (1). The classic presentation of UD has been des-cribed historically as the “three Ds”: dysuria, dys-pareunia, and dribbling (post-void). The most useful imaging modality for UDs is MRI (2). MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis of UDs and ideally provides the surgeon with preoperative information regarding location, number, size, configuration, and communication of the UDs. Although MRI is the best preoperative diagnostic tool for evaluating the UDs, the old standby double balloon pressure urethrogra-phy (adding sky-blue or brilliant green as staining agent) is of great value of intraoperative identifica-tion of these compound diverticular sacks and facili-tating their resection (3). Complications associated with UDs include recurrent infection, urinary incontinence, calculus formation, and development of intradiverticular neoplasm. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of a UD in women with unexplained