Female Genital Mutilation: A Continuing Battle for Eradication

Abstract

Female genital mutilation (FGM), often known as female circumcision, is an endemic practice in different parts of the world, predominantly in eastern parts of Africa. The practice comprises of partial or total removal of external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural, religious or other nontherapeutic reasons. The effort for eradication has been relentless for a long time throughout the developing world where the practice is predominant, as well as in developed countries through some governmental and nongovernmental organizations. However, achievements have been minimal in getting rid of this harmful practice, which can possibly be explained by the very complex reasons behind performing FGM. So, in order to reach effective results in the eradication campaigns, it is of paramount importance to understand the reasons behind this practice in every single targeted community. In the 1980s, an extensive campaign around Africa took place, in which presidents of some countries effectively participated. One of the presidents at that time, who is from a tribe that does not perform this practice, condemned FGM in a press conference during that campaign, and the result was that thousands of girls suffered FGM across his country the next day. This reflects the enormous sensitivity about this issue and the vital need to understand the reasons behind the habit and a sensitive, responsible approach for tackling it, especially among healthcare providers. Reasons behind performing FGM vary according to different communities and cultures. It can be religious, mainly Islam, as some may mistakenly think FGM is mandatory to worship Allah in the right way, although there is no such evidence in Islam to support this practice. An alternative name for the severe form of FGM is the pharaonic type, named after the Pharaoh of Egypt who ordered the circumcision of all women in Egypt in