Abstract
AbstractThe question of whether the characteristics of the genders are determined by anatomical, biological, or physiological factors or influenced by society and culture (or perhaps a mixture of the two), in other words whether the masculine and feminine personality traits are inherent or they are shaped by our education and the expectations of our society, is still debated in psychology, sociology, anthropology or, for example, among the researchers of the anatomy of the male and female brains. Throughout history, the theological, philosophical, and historiographical schools had different beliefs about whether the differences or the similarities between the genders are more significant. Both sides used biblical (Old Testament) texts to prove their opinion: that Eve was made from Adam’s rib is proof of the secondary role of women, however, the fact that humans (both male and female) were created in the image and likeness of God means that they are inherently equal. The egalitarian philosophy of the Age o...
Highlights
In a study written by Erich Fromm titled Man-Woman, he emphasizes that even though the biological differences between the two sexes lead to differences in their personalities which cannot be ignored, these are significantly influenced and altered by societal factors, meaning that the characteristics of the men and women of a given society are defined by which roles they are told to fulfill, their place in society, and the expectations regarding their behavior
The trope of valiant warrior women, which in Europe includes since the early modern era the heroism of Hungarian women, adds to the still ongoing centuries-old philosophical debate—with different views based on the era, the country or even the author—about whether or not there are female and male characteristics, and if yes, whether these differences between the genders are anatomical, biological, and psychical or rather they exists because of social and cultural factors, such as education or the need to follow the norms of the community
The trope of the valiant Hungarian women illuminates the role reversal and crossing of borders between genders as well as a particular way of the female body temporarily playing a male role in certain circumstances
Summary
The paper presents the literary and historical mentions of Hungarian women who fought in battle against the Ottomans in the 16th century both in Eger in 1522 and in Szigetvár in 1566. They are the most well-known Hungarian examples of warrior women, a trope that can be traced back to biblical, mythological and classical historical sources. While the story of the women fighting in Eger shows up first in the works of foreign historiographers, the women of Szigetvár based on a Hungarian epic poem made soon after the siege, appeared first in Hungarian, and later in Italian humanist poetry and historiography.
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