Abstract

Differences in empathic abilities between acting, dance, and psychology students were explored, in addition to the appropriateness of existing empathy measures in the context of these cohorts. Students (N = 176) across Higher Education Institutions in the United Kingdom and Europe were included in the online survey analysis, consisting of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) test, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Empathy Quotient (EQ), and the E-drawing test (EDT), each measuring particular facets of empathy. Based on existing evidence and our understanding of the discipline practices, we predicted that acting students would perform the best at identifying people’s emotional expressions but might lack other cognitive or affective empathy skills, particularly those related to emotional reactions. This cohort thus provides an opportunity to evaluate different empathy measures. While actors showed significantly higher RME scores than dancers, the difference between actors and psychologists was marginal. Moreover, actors’ scores did not differ significantly on other empathy measures, such as their concern for others’ emotional wellbeing or fantasy, both measured by IRI subscales. Psychology students scored highest in the IRI perspective taking subscale and the data supported anecdotal evidence that psychologists were more concerned for others’ emotional wellbeing than dancers or actors. Dancers seemed the least concerned with others’ perspectives and emotional states, which we explained through a somatosensory ‘inward’ focus required by their art form. Nevertheless, compared to the general population, our groups reported higher empathic abilities on all IRI subscales except for personal distress. Altogether, our study shows that the RME, the IRI, and the EDT vary in their susceptibility to different facets of empathic abilities in acting, dance, and psychology students whereas the EQ does not. Emotions can be expressed and perceived through language, facial expressions, or behavior. As many empathy tests focus on one type of signal they might miss other strategies. Where empathy tests are applied to individuals that have a predominance to read or respond to others in a particular way, as we showed through these three disciplines, they might not capture these empathic strategies. We thus propose that empathy tests must evolve by means of integrating varied forms of communication.

Highlights

  • Empathy is understood to describe the ability to recognize the emotional and mental states of others and can involve the sharing of their feelings or be limited to a cognitive understanding (e.g., Decety and Meyer, 2008)

  • Independent t-tests showed that the main effect of discipline is based on dancers’ significant lower scores compared to acting and psychology students, t(73.15) = 2.31, p = 0.023 equal variances not assumed, and t(114) = 2.58, p = 0.011, respectively (Cohen’s d = 0.48, and 0.48, respectively)

  • We investigated specific facets of empathic abilities in young adults at the starting point of their professional careers in either acting, dancing, or psychology; and who are expected to have a preponderance for particular aspects of empathy

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Summary

Introduction

Empathy is understood to describe the ability to recognize the emotional and mental states of others and can involve the sharing of their feelings or be limited to a cognitive understanding (e.g., Decety and Meyer, 2008). Empathic abilities of individuals on the spectrum, for example, have been targeted successfully through specific training from theater and physical practices, such as participatory play and theater interventions (Corbett et al, 2016; Beadle-Brown et al, 2018) or dance and yoga (Koehne et al, 2016a; Litchke et al, 2018, respectively). Theoretical- and knowledgebased empathy training forms were found to be effective for this cohort (Beaumont and Sofronoff, 2008; Holopainen et al, 2019). These intervention choices are not by coincidence. Empathy plays a pivotal and distinct role; achieved through the use of language, the body and the mind

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