Abstract
The general population is encouraged to increase omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake in order to optimize health for preventative health care. Consumers are typically unaware that different amounts, types, and structural forms of n-3 PUFA have different efficacy. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize different sources of n-3 PUFAs and to determine whether consumption of these oils influences renal fatty acid composition and renal health. Lipid classes and fatty acid profile of corn (CO), flaxseed (FO), menhaden (MO), salmon (SO), tuna (TO) or krill (KO) oils were determined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. All dietary oils consisted of >65% triglyceride with the exception of KO. KO and FO also contained phospholipids. FO was rich in the n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) whereas, the marine oils were rich in the long-chain n-3 PUFAs (>18 carbons). Following characterization of the oil sources, female Sprague-Dawley rats (age 28 d) were randomly assigned (n = 10/group) to be fed a high fat 12% (wt) diet consisting of these different oil sources for 8 weeks. Rats fed MO, TO, and SO had significantly higher renal eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) deposition and this in turn, modulated inflammatory responses. Feeding rats MO, SO and TO reduced urinary excretion of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E2. Feeding rats TO and SO reduced (P ≤ 0.002) nuclear factor kappa B activity and circulating TNFα (P P P < 0.001) urinary phosphorus excretion associated with the phospholipids content of KO. The study results indicated that consumption of n-3 PUFAs influences renal health and the effects varied depending on the n-3 PUFA source consumed.
Highlights
The Western diet is characterized by a high fat with the intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) exceeding the intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) [1]
The oil sources consisted of corn oil (CO) which is low in n-3 PUFAs or n-3 PUFAs provided as flaxseed oil (FO), menhaden oil (MO), krill oil (KO), salmon oil (SO) or tuna oil (TO)
The MO and KO diets needed to be adjusted to a blend of 0.2% CO + 11.8% test oil in order to meet the recommendation for the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) in growing rats [14] (Table 1)
Summary
The Western diet is characterized by a high fat with the intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) exceeding the intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) [1]. A number of animal disease models and human studies have reported beneficial effects of increasing n-3 PUFA intake [2]. Few studies have investigated the effects of n-3 PUFA consumption for optimizing renal health to prevent injury and disease risk. The long-chain n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), using the enzyme, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) produces pro-inflammatory 2-series prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGE2. Using the same COX-2 enzyme, the n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), synthesizes the less potent 3-series PGs [3]. Increasing EPA consumption can reduce inflammation by competitive inhibition of PGE2 synthesis
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