Feeding colostrum or a 1:1 colostrum:whole milk mixture for 3 days after birth increases serum immunoglobulin G and apparent immunoglobulin G persistency in Holstein bulls

Abstract

Conflicting reports exist on whether prolonged IgG consumption can further increase serum IgG in neonatal calves. Given that higher serum IgG in neonates has lifelong benefits, our objective was to determine whether serum IgG can be increased by providing multiple meals containing IgG to neonatal calves. Twenty-seven Holstein bulls were all fed 1 colostrum meal (7.5% body weight; 62 g of IgG/L) at 2 h after birth and randomly assigned to be fed (5% body weight) colostrum (COL; n = 9), whole milk (WM; n = 9), or a 1:1 colostrum:whole milk mixture (MX; n = 9) every 12 h from 12 to 72 h. Serum IgG was measured at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, and 12 h after birth. After the 12-h meal, IgG was determined at 0.5-h intervals until 16 h and then at 1-h intervals from 16 to 24 h. Serum IgG was then measured at 27 h, then every 6 h from 30 to 60 h. From 60 to 64 h, IgG was measured every 0.5 h, then at 65 and 66 h, and then every 2 h until 72 h. Serum IgG increased rapidly between 2 and 12 h for all calves. A treatment × time interaction occurred as serum IgG began to diverge between treatments after they were fed at 12 h; the interaction was greatest over the entire period for COL compared with both MX and WM and was greater for MX than for WM. Maximum IgG concentrations (Cmax) were 30.4 ± 0.8, 27.2 ± 0.8, and 23.9 ± 0.8 g/L for COL, MX, and WM, respectively. Although MX Cmax was equivalent to both COL and WM Cmax, COL Cmax was greater than WM Cmax. Feeding COL and MX also prolonged the time to reach Cmax. Respectively, these calves achieved Cmax at 29.5 and 27.0 ± 3.4 h, whereas WM IgG peaked at 13.4 ± 3.4 h. No differences were observed for apparent efficiency of absorption between treatments from 0 to 12 h and 0 to 24 h. Immunoglobulin G area under the curve (AUC) was the same for COL and MX calves over the entire experimental period and from when treatments were fed. The IgG AUC for 0 to 72 h for WM calves was 27.4% lesser than that for COL calves but not different from MX calves. However, the IgG AUC for 12 to 72 h for WM calves differed relative to that for both COL (30.8% less) and MX (19.6% less) calves. Serum IgG concentrations were more persistent when COL (88.2 ± 2.4%) and MX (91.2 ± 2.4%) were fed rather than WM (75.3 ± 2.4%). Prolonged IgG consumption increased serum IgG concentrations, corresponding to the mass of IgG fed, and improved apparent IgG persistency in Holstein bulls. Neonatal calves should be fed at least 62 g of IgG at 12 h after birth to further increase serum IgG concentrations.