Feeding by common heterotrophic protists on the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera (Suessiaceae, Dinophyceae)

Abstract

The mortality rate of red-tide dinoflagellates owing to predation is a major parameter that affects their population dynamics. The dinoflagellates Ansanella granifera and Ansanella sp. occasionally cause red tides. To understand the interactions between common heterotrophic protists and A. granifera, we explored the feeding occurrence of nine heterotrophic protists on A. granifera and the growth and ingestion rates of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans on A. granifera as a function of prey concentration and those of Oxyrrhis marina at a single high prey concentration. The heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, G. dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Luciella masanensis, Oblea rotunda, O. marina, Polykrikos kofoidii, and Pfiesteria piscicida and the naked ciliate Strombidium sp. were able to feed on A. granifera. With increasing mean prey concentrations, the growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans feeding on A. granifera rapidly increased and became saturated or slowly increased. The maximum growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans on A. granifera were 0.305 d<sup>-1</sup> and 0.42 ng C predator<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> (3.8 cells predator<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. Furthermore, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina on A. granifera at 1,700 ng C mL<sup>-1</sup> (15,454 cells mL<sup>-1</sup>) were 0.037 d<sup>-1</sup> and 0.19 ng C predator<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> (1.7 cells predator<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. The growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans and O. marina feeding on A. granifera were almost the lowest among those on the dinoflagellate prey species. Therefore, G. dominans and O. marina may prefer A. granifera less than other dinoflagellate prey species. The low mortality rate of A. granifera may positively affect its bloom formation.