Feedback between bottom-up and top-down control of stream biofilm mediated through eutrophication effects on grazer growth

Alessandra Iannino,Patrick Fink,Markus Weitere

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00856-9

Alessandra Iannino, Patrick Fink + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00856-9

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Abstract

Algal biofilms in streams are simultaneously controlled by light and nutrient availability (bottom-up control) and by grazing activity (top-down control). In addition to promoting algal growth, light and nutrients also determine the nutritional quality of algae for grazers. While short-term experiments have shown that grazers increase consumption rates of nutrient-poor algae due to compensatory feeding, nutrient limitation in the long run can constrain grazer growth and hence limit the strength of grazing activity. In this study, we tested the effects of light and phosphorus availability on grazer growth and thus on the long-term control of algal biomass. At the end of the experiment, algal biomass was significantly affected by light, phosphorus and grazing, but the interactive effects of the three factors significantly changed over time. At both high light and phosphorus supply, grazing did not initially reduce algal biomass, but the effect of grazing became stronger in the final three weeks of the experiment. Snail growth was enhanced by light, rather than phosphorus, suggesting that algal quantity rather than quality was the main limiting factor for grazer growth. Our results highlight the role of feedback effects and the importance of long-term experiments in the study of foodweb interactions.

Highlights

Algal biofilms in streams are simultaneously controlled by light and nutrient availability and by grazing activity
Grazing activity of herbivores has the potential to counteract the enhanced algal growth resulting from increased light and nutrient inputs; it is critical to understand how the strength of top-down control is affected by changes in algal nutritional quality related to variations in resource availability
Top-down control may be stronger at low nutrient supply, and nutrient enrichment may result in increased algal biomass directly, and indirectly by reducing food consumption rates of grazers, as we have demonstrated in a previous s tudy[15]

Summary

Introduction

Algal biofilms in streams are simultaneously controlled by light and nutrient availability (bottom-up control) and by grazing activity (top-down control). While short-term experiments have shown that grazers increase consumption rates of nutrient-poor algae due to compensatory feeding, nutrient limitation in the long run can constrain grazer growth and limit the strength of grazing activity. Grazing activity of herbivores has the potential to counteract the enhanced algal growth resulting from increased light and nutrient inputs; it is critical to understand how the strength of top-down control is affected by changes in algal nutritional quality related to variations in resource availability. Top-down control may be stronger at low nutrient supply, and nutrient enrichment may result in increased algal biomass directly, and indirectly by reducing food consumption rates of grazers, as we have demonstrated in a previous s tudy[15]. Most periphyton-grazer studies are too short to capture a quantitative response on the consumer biomass level, so changes in the relative strength of top-down control due to grazer growth over extended periods of time are still poorly understood

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