Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an extensive organ involved in several activities, with a crucial role in immunity. Billions of commensal and transient microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota, and potential pathogens, which are constantly stimulating intestinal immunity, colonize the intestinal epithelial surface. The gut microbiota may be regarded as analogous to a solid organ with multiple different functions. In the last decade, many studies have demonstrated that intestinal bacteria can be a decisive factor in the health-disease balance of the intestine, and they can also be responsible for illnesses in other locations. For this reason, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents an important therapeutic option for Clostridium difficile infections and hold promise for different clinical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, autism, obesity, and other systemic diseases. FMT consists of the infusion of a fecal suspension from a healthy donor to a recipient in order to restore gut flora alterations. Similar to the gut, the female reproductive tract is an example of a very complex biological ecosystem. Recent studies indicate a possible relationship between the gut and female tract microbiota, associating specific intestinal bacteria patterns with genital female diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and bacterial vaginosis (BV). FMT could represent a potential innovative treatment option in this field.
Highlights
The gut microbiota, which is composed of 1013-1014 bacterial cells [1], has multiple different functions
The results showed that women with L. crispatus-dominant microbiota had a 4-fold lower risk of infection than women with highly diverse bacterial communities [43]
Endometriosis patients are characterized by low levels of Lactobacillus spp. and an increase of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae
Summary
The gut microbiota, which is composed of 1013-1014 bacterial cells [1], has multiple different functions. Studies have shown that intestinal bacteria can interact with other organs and be a decisive factor in health/disease balance beyond just the intestine [2]. The gut and vaginal microbiota are examples of very complex biological ecosystems. The female reproductive tract has developed unique structures, such as the vagina and uterus. While the vagina hosts trillions of bacteria, the upper reproductive tract remains largely unexplored and has generally been considered sterile. The vaginal microbiota interacts with the immune system. Despite being one of the simplest commensal bacterial communities in the human body, we are only beginning to appreciate its complex dynamic nature and modulation of host immunity [3]. FMT and Female Reproductive Tract colonization [4]. The relationship between the gut and female reproductive tract microbiota has been studied in-depth [5]. Promising findings suggest that FMT may play a role in the management of genital female disorders associated with microbiota alterations
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