Abstract
Many relatively common chronic inflammatory skin diseases manifest on the face (seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne, perioral/periorificial dermatitis, periocular dermatitis, etc.), thereby significantly impairing patient appearance and quality of life. Given the yet unexplained pathogenesis and numerous factors involved, these diseases often present therapeutic challenges. The term “microbiome” comprises the totality of microorganisms (microbiota), their genomes, and environmental factors in a particular environment. Changes in human skin microbiota composition and/or functionality are believed to trigger immune dysregulation, and consequently an inflammatory response, thereby playing a potentially significant role in the clinical manifestations and treatment of these diseases. Although cultivation methods have traditionally been used in studies of bacterial microbiome species, a large number of bacterial strains cannot be grown in the laboratory. Since standard culture-dependent methods detect fewer than 1% of all bacterial species, a metagenomic approach could be used to detect bacteria that cannot be cultivated. The skin microbiome exhibits spatial distribution associated with the microenvironment (sebaceous, moist, and dry areas). However, although disturbance of the skin microbiome can lead to a number of pathological conditions and diseases, it is still not clear whether skin diseases result from change in the microbiome or cause such a change. Thus far, the skin microbiome has been studied in atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and rosacea. Studies on the possible association between changes in the microbiome and their association with skin diseases have improved the understanding of disease development, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The identification of the bacterial markers associated with particular inflammatory skin diseases would significantly accelerate the diagnostics and reduce treatment costs. Microbiota research and determination could facilitate the identification of potential causes of skin diseases that cannot be detected by simpler methods, thereby contributing to the design and development of more effective therapies.
Highlights
Many relatively common chronic inflammatory skin diseases manifest on the face, impairing patient appearance and quality of life
Periocular dermatitis (PD) refers to skin changes in the periocular region, which are relatively common in clinical practice, as a number of different diseases can occur in this area, often with limited diagnostics that rarely take the microbiological composition of the skin into account
According to recent research using molecular methods, the diversity of the skin microbiota is even greater than has previously been recognized by conventional cultivation methods, which have led to underestimation of the diversity of certain groups of bacteria
Summary
Many relatively common chronic inflammatory skin diseases manifest on the face, impairing patient appearance and quality of life. Given the yet unexplained pathogenesis and numerous factors involved, these diseases often present therapeutic challenges. There has recently been extensive discussion on the skin microbiome as an important factor in disease development. "Human microbiota", on the other hand, refers to the sum of all the microorganisms living on/in our body and is a source of genetic diversity, a modulator of health and disease, a fundamental component of immunity and an entity that affects metabolism and modulates drug interactions. A large number of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) are found on the surface of or inside numerous human tissues and fluids, including skin, mammary glands, placenta, semen, uterus, ovarian follicles, lungs, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and the biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. Changes in human skin microbiota composition and/or functionality are believed to trigger immune dysregulation, and an inflammatory response, thereby playing a potentially significant role in the clinical manifestations of inflammatory skin diseases [3]. The purpose of this review is to present the current knowledge on the characteristics of the skin microbiome in inflammatory skin diseases, taking into consideration that therapeutic effects on microbiome imbalance could contribute to disease improvement and sanitation
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