FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACADEMIC CHARITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE UNIVERSITIES OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

Abstract

The article analyzes the peculiarities of compliance with the principles of academic integrity by the subjects of the medieval university educational process. Using examples from the history of the self-government development of Bologna, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Paris, Prague, Frankfurt and other Western European universities, the specifics of obligations and requirements for candidates during examinations and the procedure for defending scientific degrees are clarified. The possibility of obtaining scientific degrees bypassing university procedures thanks to the Vatican bulls, as well as the reaction of the academic community to such exceptions, is evidenced. Attention was focused on unique facts that testified to not always highly moral academic and extra-academic behavior of students and teachers. The most common violations of norms of academic integrity by representatives of the university community are singled out and measures taken by university administrations to overcome them are analyzed. Academic fraud, bribery of examiners, bribery and immoral behavior were found to be the most common offenses at universities. It was recorded that the traditions of the election of teachers by students were sometimes the cause of abuse by both participants in the educational process. Regulatory actions of university administrations, magistrates of cities where educational institutions were located, were aimed at overcoming the financial dependence of teachers on students. It was concluded that the mentioned negative phenomena did not become massive, and universities as corporations of scientists continued to create the intellectual and moral foundation of medieval society.
 Keywords: academic integrity; Middle Ages; university; faculty; doctor; master; bachelor; defense; degree.