Features of Ionizing Radiation Effects on Biological Objects and Methods for its Radiation Monitoring at Nuclear Facilities (Analytical Review)

Abstract

The article provides a brief analytical review of radiation effects associated with the impact of ionizing radiation on biological objects. The processes of the action of ionizing radiation on molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which occur in the body at the cellular level during its absorption, are considered. It is shown that in a wide range of dose rates generated by ionizing radiation when the latter acts on biological objects and, in particular, on humans, the most dangerous are the genetic consequences, which play an essential role for the population of countries that actively use ionizing radiation in industry. Other uses include medicine, particular types of production, as well as in the production of electricity at nuclear power plants. Particular attention is paid to the effects of ionizing radiation on children, requiring increased attention in the diagnosis of diseases in post-nuclear accidents, as well as during the diagnosis or treatment of radiation. As methods of radiation monitoring of ionizing radiation, the article provides a brief presentation of an automated system of radiation monitoring of the environment with its goals, objectives, and methods to minimize the consequences of radiation accidents at existing nuclear power plants.