FEATURES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN INFERTILITY DIAGNOSIS

Abstract

The aim. To study and summarize modern immunological methods of laboratory diagnosis of the causes of infertility.
 Materials and methods. An analytical review and analysis of the scientific literature in recent years, covering the study of immunological causes of infertility and, accordingly, the use of immunological methods of diagnosis and treatment of infertility.
 Results and discussion. Infertility treatment is an urgent medical problem because, according to the WHO, every sixth person faces this problem during their lifetime. Immunological aspects play an important role in infertility and account for 5% of infertility among men and women. In cases where the cause of infertility cannot be explained by the presence of specific organic signs in a couple, the identification of immunological mechanisms of infertility becomes more crucial. The immunological causes of infertility are still underestimated, as the mother’s immune system plays a major role in the successful implantation of the embryo and the carrying of a pregnancy. The relevant areas of immunological research are HLA typing to determine the immunological «compatibility» of couples, the study of the role of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in the development of infertility, and the use of exosomes as biomarkers of reproductive system diseases that may be the cause of infertility. In accordance with the material reviewed, we have identified the main areas of research into the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of infertility, which require further detailed study for the successful overcoming of infertility in the future.
 Conclusion. We have reviewed the articles that included materials on the study of immunological methods of infertility research and identified three currently relevant methods for identifying the causes and diagnosis of this disease, which continue to require thorough study to solve the problems of infertility. Carriage of the HLA-DQA1*5 allele can be used as a marker of the degree of HLA-DQA1 compatibility of a couple, as well as the use of some exosome markers, such as endometriosis-specific exosome characteristics such as miR-214-3p, EVLGMNP1, AFAP1-AS1. There is also no doubt that there is a high correlation between elevated levels of ASA and female infertility, so special attention should be paid to ASA in the diagnosis of male infertility.