Features of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prophylaxis of periodontal diseases in pregnant women in the context of iron deficiency anemia (review of the literature)

Abstract

An important task of modern dentistry is the study of dental morbidity in pregnant women with somatic pathology. This is due to many factors, including a significant prevalence of periodontal diseases among the population, infection impact on the body of the pregnant woman and the fetus, an increase in the frequency of somatic diseases in pregnant women.The aim of the retrospective literary research was to study modern scientific trends regarding the peculiarities of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prophylaxis of periodontal diseases in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia.The collection of scientific publications (30 sources), including 19 domestic and 11 foreign professional sources, has been analyzed on the current issue of modern dentistry: periodontal diseases in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. The aspects of high prevalence of periodontal diseases among this contingent of patients, their polyethiologic origin, complex mechanism of development, peculiarities of treatment and prevention have been considered. According to the authors' researches, it was found that catarrhal gingivitis is the most common clinical form of the inflammatory process in the 1st trimester, gingivitis of pregnant women develops as a catarrhal or hypertrophic inflammation, rarely - ulcerous-necrotic gingival lesion in the 2nd trimester. The clinical picture of hypertrophic gingivitis in pregnant women is to be seen in its most clinical manifestation in the 3rd trimester and in the immediate prenatal period. Taking into account the fact that to date, in the majority of women, the actual consumption of macro- and micronutrients and vitamins with food is much lower than the level that provides a favorable course of pregnancy and lactation, the use of vitamin-mineral complexes are obligatory in pregnant women with periodontal disease and concomitant iron deficiency anemia. At the initial stages of generalized periodontitis, vitamin therapy is most effective. Today, foreign authors refer to the concept of micronutrient programming of the future baby's development during pregnancy, which is the applicability of multivitamin complexes. The main task of dentists and obstetrician-gynecologists is to create a conscious awareness of the importance of timely dental care in pregnant women by forming a positive motivation among expecting mothers to seek dental care. From these data, the optimal periods of dental examinations and differential approach to medical preventive measures can be determined.