Featherless and feathered broilers under control versus hot conditions. 2. Breast muscle development and growth in pre- and posthatch periods

Abstract

Breast meat yield (% of BW) of featherless broilers (sc/sc) is higher than that of their feathered sibs (+/sc) and contemporary broilers (+/+) under hot temperature (32°C) conditions. This study tested the hypothesis that the advantage to the featherless broiler condition with respect to breast meat yield and quality is due to differences in muscle development during pre- and posthatch periods. Broilers from the 3 genetic groups were reared under normal (26°C) and hot (32°C) conditions and slaughtered on d 29 and 47. Evaluation of myofiber diameter (mean and distribution) and blood-vessel density in breast muscle sections sampled on these days revealed that the fluctuations in breast muscle yields of the different genetic groups under different temperature conditions and the better muscle growth of the featherless broilers are due to changes in muscle hypertrophy and vascularization. In addition, the featherless broilers presented continuous satellite cell proliferation and a slower rate of differentiation compared with the feathered broilers on immediate posthatch period, suggesting a higher reserve of myogenic progeny cells that will contribute to later muscle hypertrophy. In the embryos, breast muscle yield was higher for the featherless versus feathered counterparts between embryonic day (E) 15 and E20. This was manifested in a shift toward higher myofiber diameters in the featherless embryos on E18, and a higher number of myoblasts, which could be explained by higher insulin-like growth factor-I levels in the muscle tissue and lower triiodothyronine levels in the plasma on E17. Together, the data show the advantage of being featherless under hot conditions with regard to breast muscle growth and hypertrophy, and overall performance. Moreover, featherless embryos had increased breast muscle weight compared with their feathered counterparts, likely due to a higher proliferation rate of myoblasts and higher muscle hypertrophy.