Abstract
Among the thousands of existing rice varieties, aromatic rice has increasingly attracted consumer’s preference in recent years. Within aromatic rice, Basmati, cultivated in some regions in Pakistan and India, is highly demanded. Other aromatic rice, cultivated in specific regions, for instance in Thailand (commonly referred to as Jasmine Thai rice), are also highly appreciated by consumers. In this work, the elemental profiles of commercially available rice samples (17 Basmati, 11 Thai, and 7 Long Grain rice) were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy. The mass fractions of P, Cl, S, K, Fe, Cu, and Zn were significantly different (95% confidence interval) between Basmati and Thai rice and between Thai and Long Grain rice; only Cl, S, and Zn were significantly different between Basmati and Long Grain rice. Multivariate evaluation of the results combining soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) allowed the correct classification (true positives) of 94.1, 85.6, and 100% of the Basmati, Long Grain, and Thai rice, respectively. The specificity (true negatives) of Basmati, Long Grain, and Thai was 94.4, 82.1, and 100%, respectively.
Highlights
Rice is the most important food crop in the world [1] and staple food for more than half the world’s population [2]
The mass fractions obtained by Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) in Basmati and Thai rice are in good agreement with results already published in the literature, mostly obtained by Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [2, 19, 20]
The Fe content was below the LOQ in more than 50% of the Thai rice samples; more than 50% of the Basmati and Long Grain rice had quantifiable amounts of Fe, and for that reason, Fe was included in uni- and multivariate statistical studies
Summary
Rice is the most important food crop in the world [1] and staple food for more than half the world’s population [2]. Basmati rice is susceptible to diseases, can only grow some periods of the year because it is photoperiod sensitive, and has tall culms [4]. To overcome these problems, many attempts were made to Basmati is not the only rice variety that scores high in consumer appreciation; high-quality Thai jasmine rice, Khao Dawk Mali 105, grown in the Thung Kula Rong Hai area, is the first product from Southeast Asia holding a geographical indication (GI) label [2] and is recognised as high-quality rice, widely consumed throughout the world. Analytical methods that can be used in authentication studies by control laboratories to characterise the genuine products are needed
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