Abstract
The increasing uptake of electric vehicles, and the established practice of long-term parking at stations and airports, offers an opportunity to develop a flexible approach to help with the energy storage dilemma. This paper investigates the feasibility of using a number of EV batteries as an energy storage and grid balancing solution within the UK Central Hub area. Here, the capital cost of the vehicle is a sunk cost to the EV owner. The potential income generated, or discount on long-term parking, is an additional benefit of ownership. This paper considers the income available to a small and large size car park from the different market mechanisms to offer grid support in the UK and contrasts this with the complexity and costs of the EV charging infrastructure required within these types of scheme.
Highlights
As the number of plug in vehicles (PIV) grows, there is an increasing interest in using these vehicles as loads or a distributed energy resource through vehicle to grid (V2G) schemes [1]
There have been a number of vehicle-based trials of PIV's with the purpose of providing grid-based support [2]
These include trials in USA, Germany, and the UK looking across a range of activities such as smart scheduling of domestic EVs [3, 4], domestic smart charging based on time of use tariff [5, 6], active network management to reduce potential overloads on distribution equipment [3]. These trials have primarily focused on demand reduction and controlling PIV charging
Summary
As the number of plug in vehicles (PIV) grows, there is an increasing interest in using these vehicles as loads or a distributed energy resource through vehicle to grid (V2G) schemes [1]. This paper did not consider infrastructure requirements and only considered charging services against costs Other work in this area [30] looked at the impact of up to 4500 vehicles (450 MW) within a large shopping centre on the electrical grid system at HV. Additional work considering the parking lot as an additional interface has been considered [31], based on a car park of 250 vehicles located within an IEEE standard power Network This primarily focused on the balance between aggregator profit and car park operator profit (no mechanism for infrastructure cost consideration) with the vehicles acting as a flexible load. An additional two different conditions are considered; a diversity factor of 100% (very long term car parks where vehicles are left for up to a week and plugged in during this time.) and 60% (based on the response of 212 vehicles from 300 car parking spaces at peak demand for a 22 kW system)
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