Abstract
The discharge of highly saline fracking wastewater produced by hydraulic fracturing is of great concern due to the adverse effects on the environment and human health. Microfiltration as a pre-treatment process and the emerging forward osmosis (FO)—coupled with membrane distillation (a downstream separator)—as the post-treatment processes were successfully applied for the first time to treat fracking wastewater. Microfiltration as a pre-treatment removed ~52% of TOC and ~98.5% of turbidity. High average water fluxes (19.98 LMH for NaCl and 30.97 LMH for sodium propionate draw solutions) with high solute rejection were obtained via FO process using ain-house fabricated nanocomposite membrane. It was found that 98.5% of initial water flux can be recovered with the fabricated nanocomposite membrane by physical cleaning after desalination of the fracking wastewater. Membrane distillation (demonstrated solute rejection ~ 99.99%) can be used as a downstream separator in order to recycle FO draw solution, along with the production of pure water.
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