Feasibility Evaluation of Detecting Hydroxymethylphosphine Oxide In Vivo by 31P-MRS

Abstract

Application of organophosphorus compounds in biomedicine is attractive because the 31P nucleus is very amenable to study by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, particularly, by in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). The water-soluble organophosphorus compounds that are non-toxic, exhibit metabolic stability, and show a unique resonance peak in 31P NMR spectroscopy, which could be ideal to be used as probes for 31P-MRS. Here we evaluated the in vivo feasibility of potentially using a hydroxymethylphosphine oxide as a novel probe for 31P-MRS studies using tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine oxide (THPO) as an example. THPO was synthesized, injected in the normal CF1 mice, and 31P spectra were acquired before and after injection with the coil located on the regions of interest. The NMR signal from the region of interest appeared within one minute of THPO injection. The compound was stable in vivo as no metabolites of THPO were observed. No toxicity was observed after THPO injection in mice. The peak concentrations of THPO in liver and kidney were reached within 15 min and 60 min respectively. THPO was excreted exclusively in urine without undergoing any metabolism indicating that it is very stable under in vivo conditions. These initial studies in normal CF1 mice clearly demonstrate that THPO possess the essential characteristics required for a potential MRS probe. Based on the current preliminary results, we suggest that HMPs, when incorporated into targeted drugs (peptides, proteins, antibodies, etc.), may serve as novel 31P probes for monitoring the drug distribution in vivo by MRS.