Fe3O4 nanochips loaded MXenes/g-C3N4 nanocomposite for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of zinc (II), cadmium (II), lead (II), copper (II) and mercury (II) metal ions

Abstract

The present work demonstrates a highly sensitive and efficient nanosensor for the simultaneous detection of zinc (II), cadmium (II), lead (II), copper (II) and mercury (II) metal ions using Ti3C2/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite. The Ti3C2/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was prepared using co-prcepitation method followed by ultrasonication treatment containing Ti3AlC2, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and melamine as precursors. The as-prepared nanocomposites were successfully examined using XRD, FTIR, SEM and cyclic voltammetric techniques. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique was applied for the simultaneous detection of Zn (II), Cd (II), Cu (II), Pb (II) and Hg (II) ions. The electrochemical variables including pH of the solution, amount of Ti3C2/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 on the GCE surface, supporting electrolyte and deposition time were optimized to get maximum sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, Ti3C2(HF)/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 sensor exhibited excellent performance for Zn (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), Pb (II) and Hg (II) in a range from 0.5 to 0.005 μM with detection limits 0.26 nM for Zn (II), 0.21 nM for Cd (II), 0.10 nM for Pb (II), 0.11 nM for Cu (II) and 0.12 nM for Hg (II) which are lower than the permissible limit recommended by the WHO guidelines. The sensor also shown outstanding selectivity in the presence of various foreign species (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na1+, Cl1-, NO31-, and 4-nitrophenol) and high resolution for simultaneous detection of Zn (II), Cd (II), Cu (II), Pb (II) and Hg (II) ions. The good electroanalytical performance and excellent selectivity and sensitivity of developed nanosensor can be attributed to the heterostructure and the coordination provided by MXene and Fe3O4/g-C3N4, resulting in enhanced interfacial charge transfer and number of adsorption sites. In addition, the developed sensor was applied for the detection of metal ions in tap water samples and satisfactory results were obtained. This study highlights a facile approach for designing MXene-supported magnetic NPs/ N containing carbon materials as sensing platform for the detection of other toxic heavy metal ions.