Abstract
We studied the evolution of the structural, electric, magnetic, and multiferroic properties with x in Fe1+xV2−xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) spinels. For x = 0, three successive phase transitions occur from high to low temperatures: cubic-tetragonal (c < a) at TS, tetragonal (c < a) paramagnetic-orthorhombic ferrimagnetic at TN1, and orthorhombic collinear spin-tetragonal (c > a) noncollinear spin at TN2. Below TN2, magnetic field dependent ferroelectricity was observed. With increasing x from 0 to 0.3, TN1 was increased, while TS and TN2 was decreased with ferroelectricity weakened. For x = 0.4, TN2 together with ferroelectricity disappeared. The critical composition xc is around 0.3. Below xc, the resistivity follows the variable range hopping model, while above xc, the resistivity obeys nearest neighbor hooping model. Our observations evidence the strong couplings among the lattice, charge, orbital, and spin degrees of freedom as well as their effects on the structural, electric, magnetic and multiferroic properties in Fe1+xV2−xO4 spinels.
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