Abstract
Background: The incidence rates of lip and oral cancer have continued to increase, and prognosis is associated with a country’s socioeconomic status. The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is a reasonable indicator of disparities in cancer screening and treatment. In this study, we aimed to understand the association between economic status and cancer prognosis. Methods: Data were obtained from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The MIRs were compared to evaluate the correlation with the human development index (HDI), the current health expenditure (CHE), and the ratio of CHE over gross domestic product (CHE/GDP) disparities via Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that Asia had the most cases and deaths. In addition, they showed a significant association (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively) of the crude rate (CR) of incidence with the HDI, the CHE, and the CHE/GDP. However, their associations with mortality rate (p = 0.303, p = 0.997, and p = 0.101) were not significant. Regarding the correlation of the MIRs, the results revealed a significant association with the HDI, the CHE, and the CHE/GDP (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Countries with higher HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP tend to have lower MIRs, which indicates favorable clinical outcomes.
Highlights
Lip and oral cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide, and their incidence rates have continuously increased in recent years [1]
Epidemiology of Lip and Oral Cancer According to the Regions
We further examined the association of incidence and mortality crude rate (CR) with the human development index (HDI), the current health expenditure (CHE), and the CHE over gross domestic product (CHE/GDP)
Summary
Lip and oral cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide, and their incidence rates have continuously increased in recent years [1]. They vary geographically, the highest incidences have been reported in South Asia and Southeast Asia [2]. Among all anatomic subsites of lip and oral cavity cancer, the tongue is the most commonly affected worldwide. Common risk factors for lip and oral cavity cancer include tobacco, alcohol, betel quid, Epstein-Barr virus, and human papillomavirus infection [4,5]. The incidence rates of lip and oral cancer have continued to increase, and prognosis is associated with a country’s socioeconomic status.
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