Abstract
ABSTRACT: Ichneumonidae are solitary parasitoids that mainly attack larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, which constitute important agricultural pests. The objective of the present paper was to characterize the assemblage of Ichneumonidae associated to the conventional and organic cultivation of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) crop in Manaus City (Amazonas State, Brazil) with faunistic analysis. The samples were collected at Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), using Malaise and Moericke traps, between September 2012 and February 2013. We collected 296 specimens of Ichneumonidae, represented by 14 subfamilies, 41 genera and 63 morphospecies. The faunistic analysis revealed the predominance of rare and less frequent genera (54.2% in conventional and 47.1% in organic crop management). Venturia Schrottky was highlighted as superabundant, super frequent and constant (46.4% of the specimens) in conventional cultivation. In organic cultivation, Eiphosoma Cresson (15.6% of the specimens), Venturia (15.1%), Polycyrtidea Viereck (7%), Stethantyx Townes (6%), Enicospilus Stephens and Diapetimorpha Viereck (both 5.5%), Polycyrtus Spinola and Podogaster Brullé (both 5%) were more abundant, more frequent and constant. The observed differences reflect the type of crop management. Considering that organic crop management do not use agrochemicals, there is a greater diversification of the landscape. On the other hand, a reduction in richness and abundance has been observed in conventional crop management, due to its greater alteration and uniformity of the landscape. This study evidences a high number of rare, less frequent and accidental genera, and reveals the predominant groups in each crop cultivation system.
Highlights
Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) has about 25,000 valid species distributed along 42 subfamilies (YU et al, 2016; BENNETT et al, 2019)
Despite the ecological importance of Ichneumonidae, there is little knowledge about this group in most regions of Brazil, wherein the majority of studies were conducted in Atlantic Forest areas (KUMAGAI; GRAF, 2000; 2002; GUERRA; PENTEADO-DIAS, 2002; KUMAGAI, 2002; TANQUE et al, 2010; TANQUE et al, 2015), Cerrado (PÁDUA et al, 2014), Caatinga ( SHIMBORI et al, 2014; FERNANDES et al, 2019; FERNANDES et al, 2020b), and specific agroecosystems, such as rubber tree fauna
We considered the total number of individuals sampled in the environment and calculated the confidence interval (CI) of the means of genera at 5% probability (SILVEIRA-NETO et al, 1976)
Summary
Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) has about 25,000 valid species distributed along 42 subfamilies (YU et al, 2016; BENNETT et al, 2019). They are solitary parasitoids and most of their species that have been biologically studied attack larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (GAULD, 1991). Conventional cultivation systems simplify the physical structure of the agricultural landscape, with increased dependence on the use of inputs, which causes a reduction in the diversity of parasitoids in these agroecosystems (ESTRADA, 2008). In less disturbed agroecosystems, without the intensive use of agricultural inputs, parasitoid assembly is related to crop diversity, soil cover, weeds and adjacent crop vegetation (ESTRADA, 2008; SANDONATO et al, 2010)
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