Abstract
This paper proposes a fault-tolerant control and a robust, distributed, simultaneous, passive fault detection and isolation (or FDI) for islanded ac microgrids (MGs), including heterogeneous distributed generations and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Disturbances and both actuator and sensor faults are considered in this paper to design a robust distributed control. The nature of the considered faults is general to deal with any sources, e.g., cyber threats (in the form of data integrity attacks) and sensor issues. In this regard, a mixed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_\infty / H_{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> formulation is introduced in order to detect and eliminate the undesirable effects of the aforementioned defected components simultaneously, thereby achieving robust performance. Besides, sufficient conditions based on extended linear matrix inequality (also known as LMI) are outlined. Voltage and frequency regulation, active power-sharing, and the state of charge balance of BESSs under faulty conditions are investigated. Different scenarios are tested on a detailed model of a test MG system. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme on mitigating the impacts of faults and disturbances on the distributed energy resources’ (DERs’) performance is evaluated through comprehensive and comparative simulations based on MATLAB/Simulink. Moreover, experimental studies are conducted in order to validate the results in the corresponding practical scenarios.
Highlights
M ICROGRIDS (MGs) can operate in either islanded or grid-connected mode
Verivolt “IsoBlock I-ST-1c”/“IsoBlock V-1c” current/voltage sensors have been hooked to digital inputs; they are utilized in order to measure the currents and the voltages, respectively. dSPACE “MicroLabBox (MLBX)” using field-programmable gate arrays and real-time processor connects the voltage-source converter (VSC) under test to the printed circuit boards of the drive and measurement circuits; it generated PWM signals via relevant digital inputs/outputs
An innovative, fault-tolerant, distributed control scheme—including robust, distributed, simultaneous, passive FDI—has been proposed for islanded ac MGs based on relative output information
Summary
M ICROGRIDS (MGs) can operate in either islanded (equivalently off-grid) or grid-connected mode. MGs’ control system should balance supply and demand via power-sharing control and maintain the stability and synchronization on voltage and frequency. Voltage and frequency are dictated by the upstream utility grid, and the basic control objectives of gridconnected mode are control of transferred active and reactive powers and meeting the power quality standard requirements [1]–[5]. Hierarchical control structure—including the primary, secondary, and tertiary layers—has widely been used to control MGs. In the primary layer, droop control sustains the frequency and voltage in an admissible span and realizes.
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