Abstract
The use of distributed generation has received wide attention due to low maintenance costs, reduced transmission line losses and network congestion, as well as minimal impact on climate change and global warming. However, the distributed generation integrated to the distribution network introduces various protection problems that cannot be solved by conventional protection systems. These obstacles include the bi-directional power flow and the variation in the fault current level during the topology change. Thus, appropriate fault detection and protection scheme are strongly recommended to increase safety and reliability of the distributed network. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the distributed network fault detection and protection strategies incorporated with distributed generation. This review also investigates the various fault detection approaches concerning types, communication methods, operation mode, constraints and benefits. Additionally, numerous island detection techniques are explored, focusing on generation types, parameters, cost and advantages. Moreover, the review outlines the various protection schemes highlighting categories, operation, constraints, strength and shortcomings. The key issues and challenges are discussed along with selective proposals for future research. All the highlighted viewpoints of this research will hopefully be beneficial to power system engineers and researchers for the advancement of distributed network fault and protection strategies for suitable operation and management of future distributed generation systems.
Highlights
Nowadays, the incorporation of distributed generation (DG) in a distributed network (DN) has increased dramatically due to numerous benefits, including adjacent installation to the load, cost-effectiveness, reduction in transmission line losses, transmission and distribution of network congestion and minimisation of the influence of the network on global warming and other types of emissions [1]–[3]
An adaptive DOCR framework based on the analysis of the fault component is proposed by [128]. This scheme aggregates local measurements with the network-connected mode (NCM) and the fault type to identify the online setting of the existing protection in the DG integration with the DN Maqbool and Khan analysed the transient component of the microgrid in the operations of NCM and island mode (ISM) to determine the required changes in the OCR settings [118]
The incorporation of DGs in a DN leads to protection problems due to the bi-directional power flow and the change in the fault current level
Summary
The incorporation of distributed generation (DG) in a distributed network (DN) has increased dramatically due to numerous benefits, including adjacent installation to the load, cost-effectiveness, reduction in transmission line losses, transmission and distribution of network congestion and minimisation of the influence of the network on global warming and other types of emissions [1]–[3]. Another study by Gashteroodkhani et al [7] used a combination of time-totime transform (TT-transform) and DBN to detect and classify faults under different cases and DN topologies in both operation modes In this approach, a three-phase current from both ends of the line are measured. 1) PASSIVE APPROACH Generally, passive island detection method is based on continuous monitoring and measuring of local data from DG terminals or PCC, such as voltage, current, power, frequency, harmonic distortion and phase angle. The variation of these parameters is systematically compared with pre-defined threshold values to detect the island [77].
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