Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a carcinoma in which fatty acids are abundant. Fatty acid metabolism is rewired during PCa development. Although PCa can be treated with hormone therapy, after prolonged treatment, castration-resistant prostate cancer can develop and can lead to increased mortality. Changes to fatty acid metabolism occur systemically and locally in prostate cancer patients, and understanding these changes may lead to individualized treatments, especially in advanced, castration-resistant prostate cancers. The fatty acid metabolic changes are not merely reflective of oncogenic activity, but in many cases, these represent a critical factor in cancer initiation and development. In this review, we analyzed the literature regarding systemic changes to fatty acid metabolism in PCa patients and how these changes relate to obesity, diet, circulating metabolites, and peri-prostatic adipose tissue. We also analyzed cellular fatty acid metabolism in prostate cancer, including fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid elongation, and oxidation. This review broadens our view of fatty acid switches in PCa and presents potential candidates for PCa treatment and diagnosis.
Highlights
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in elderly males and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in western countries [1]
The development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), a type of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) associated with small cell neuroendocrine cells, contributes to resistance to hormonal treatments, including treatment with enzalutamide, and leads to increased mortality [5]
We aim to summarize the reprogramming of fatty acid (FA) metabolism in PCa, especially in advanced PCa
Summary
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in elderly males and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in western countries [1]. It accounts for 26% of all cancer diagnoses in males [1]. Though hormone therapy—including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which can be a standard systemic treatment for advanced PCa—eventually, the cancer becomes castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Patients with CRPC have a median survival time of less than two years [2]. Radical prostatectomy is another effective treatment [3]. There is still no effective therapy to combat NEPC in clinic work
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