Abstract
In line with the growing environmental awareness developed along the last decades, modern societies are urged to evolve into sustainable economics where the reuse of organic wastes represents the key feedstock for a green transaction. The oil phase obtained from different biomasses has the potential to be a source of food supplements, medicines, cosmetics, or feedstock for biofuel production. In the present work, the composition of 104 different biomasses including seeds, peels, flowers, plants, and leaves has been reviewed for the lipid content. Based on the most frequent fatty acids screened, experimental data for normal boiling point temperature, normal melting point, critical properties, and acentric factor were collected and compared with the most common estimation methods, which are functions of the molecular structure and interaction between different functional groups. New predictive equations have been proposed to reduce the estimation deviation and to provide simple correlations to be used in simulation software when dealing with biomass processes. For all the properties, the estimations proposed have an absolute average deviation equal to or lower than 4.6%.
Highlights
In line with the growing environmental awareness developed along the last decades, modern societies are urged to evolve into sustainable economics where the reuse of organic wastes represents the key feedstock for a green transaction. e oil phase obtained from different biomasses has the potential to be a source of food supplements, medicines, cosmetics, or feedstock for biofuel production
Disregarding those fatty acids, the average absolute relative deviation of the methods reduced to 0% for Pitzer et al, 2.1% to Lee and Kesler method, 25.3% for Watanasiri, 2.6% for Ambrose and Walton, 2.1% for Chen et al, and 8.4% for the method proposed by Constantinou et al erefore, these estimations are more reliable for the saturated fatty acids from C8 : 0 to C22 : 0
Over one hundred biomass sources were reviewed, and 16 saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were selected, based on their frequency and amount. e selected saturated fatty acids ranged from C8 to C24, in agreement with Kenar et al [163], which states that “saturated fatty acids having alkyl chain lengths greater than 18 carbon atoms are often negligible in most seed oils and are only found at useful levels in a few unusual seed oils.”
Summary
A biorefining process is based on the usage of selected biomass(es) treated in a smaller or larger unit, locally or centrally, for the production of valuable final products or intermediates with applications in pharmaceutical, food and beverages, or even nutraceutical fields [21]. Ricinoleic acid, lesquerolic acid, and elaeostearate acid, the main constituents of castor oil, lesquerella oil, and tung oil, respectively, were not reported since they do not appear in the other biomasses listed. For those cases where a yield interval is indicated, the average was calculated. On the other hand, when palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid are considered, their amount can extensively vary
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