Fatigue Strength of Locking Screws and Prototypes Used in Small-Diameter Tibial Nails

Abstract

One major problem with the use of small-diameter nails in the treatment of tibial fractures is the high rate of fatigue fractures of the locking screws. The objective of this study was to correlate such parameters as diameter of locking screws, influence of notch effect, and material with fatigue strength and fatigue limit. In a biomechanical study, the mechanical properties of 11 different locking screws and screw designs to be used in solid tibial nails were tested under typical fatigue conditions. The results showed that an increase in the screw's diameter significantly increased the fatigue strength of the tested locking screws and prototypes (p < 0.0005). A 20% increase of diameter improved fatigue strength by 25 to 70%. Absence of thread at the location where the screw contacts the nail's aperture (where the main load is transmitted to the screw and where the screw, therefore, usually tends to break) may double the fatigue strength and fatigue limit by avoiding the negative notch effect of the screw's thread. It was further significant that titanium alloys had a higher fatigue strength compared with stainless steel alloys (p < 0.001). However, the fatigue strength of titanium implants is massively reduced by minimal damage to the surface. Optimizing the core diameter of the locking screws at the aperture of the solid tibial nail by using screws without a continuous thread generates a fatigue strength two to three times higher compared with screws with a continuous thread. Increasing fatigue strength of locking screws might decrease malunion in fractures stabilized by small-diameter nails.