Fatigue behaviour of an additively manufactured ductile gas turbine superalloy

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers new possibilities in gas turbine technology by allowing for more complex geometries. However, the fatigue performance, including crack initiation and crack propagation of AM gas turbine material, is not fully known. In addition, AM materials shows anisotropic properties due to the columnar grain growth in the building direction during the AM process, which needs to be accounted for. Also, an AM component often solidifies with a cellular dendritic structure during the manufacturing process. In the present study, the bulk material of an AM adopted nickel-based superalloy based on Hastelloy X was subjected to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) loading at room temperature. The LCF tests were conducted in strain control on additively manufactured smooth bars,with two different build orientations (with an angle of 0° and 90° relative to the building platform). The LCF results showed that the major part of the fatigue life is spent in the crack initiation phase, namely 78% to 99% of the total fatigue life. Based on the experiments, a model to predict the crack initiation life was developed that takes the anisotropic material behaviour into account. The last part of the fatigue life, the crack propagation phase, was studied on a microstructural level, where initial fractography of the ruptured LCF specimens revealed that the dendritic structure was visible on the fracture surface. It was noted that the dendritic structure could easily be mistaken for regular striations although they represent a different fracture mechanism. The fracture surfaces were therefore cross sectioned and possible correlations between fracture surface characteristics and underlying microstructure were studied using electron backscatter diffraction and electron channelling contrast imaging. The outcome showed that the dendritic structure had some effect on the LCF crack propagation behaviour by interdendritic tearing, which was discussed.