Abstract
In order to ascertain the effects of father absence and degree of maternal encouragement of masculine behavior on boys' sex role development, matched father-absent and father-present kindergarten-age boys were studied. Compared to father-absent boys, father-present boys were found to be much more masculine in projective sex role orientation and slightly more masculine in game preference but were not significantly different in terms of a rating scale measure of overt masculinity. For father-absent boys, but not for father-present boys, degree of maternal encouragement of masculine behavior was related to masculinity of game preference and the rating scale measure of overt masculinity.
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