Abstract
Nowadays, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely employed in research, medical, and industrial fields due to their nanoscale-induced unique physicochemical properties. The increasing application of diverse NPs would inevitably cause their release into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and pose potential toxicities to biological treatment systems. The fates and behaviors of NPs and their biological toxicity effects in the WWTPs were extensively reviewed. The potential nanotoxicity mechanisms were discussed at physiological and transcriptional levels and the factors to impact NP performances in WWTPs were explicated. Finally, the highly expected but yet solved difficulties such as toxicity standardization for various NPs in WWTPs, NP detection techniques, potential bio- or abiotic markers for nanotoxicity measurement, and nanotoxicity attenuation strategies are proposed. The critical insights of NP impacts on biological wastewater treatment systems provide fundamental and theoretical supports for NP risk assessments and emergency regulation in WWTPs in the future.
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