Fate and transport of monensin in the presence of nonionic surfactant Brij35 in soil

Abstract

As fresh water is a limited resource in many parts of the world, the use of wastewater for irrigation has become an important alternative. Therefore, many countries facing a water deficit, use partially treated, or even untreated, wastewater. This may increase the input of many contaminants into the environment. In the present study, we investigated the effect of using surfactant rich water in irrigation on the mobility of the most commonly-used veterinary antibiotic, monensin. Nine PVC lysimeters, 1.0m long×0.45m diameter, were packed with a sandy soil to a bulk density of 1.35Mgm−3. Cattle manure, containing monensin, was applied at the surface of the lysimeters at the recommended rate of 10t/ha. Each of three aqueous Brij 35 solutions, 0, 0.5 and 5gL−1, was applied to the lysimeters in triplicate. Over a 90day period, soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed. The results of the laboratory sorption experiment showed that when the nonionic surfactant Brij 35 is present, the sorption coefficient of monensin was reduced significantly from 120.22mLg−1 in the aqueous medium to 112.20, 100 and 63.09mLg−1 with Brij35 concentrations of 0.25, 2.5 and 5gL−1, respectively. The lysimeter results indicated a significant downward movement of monensin at depths of 60cm in the soil profile and leachate in the presence of the surfactant. Thus, the continuous use of poor quality water could influence the transport of monensin in agricultural soils, and consequently, pose a risk for groundwater pollution.