Fast Time Structure during Transient Microwave Brightenings: Evidence for Nonthermal Processes

Abstract

Transient microwave brightenings (TMBs) are small-scale energy releases from the periphery of sunspot umbrae with a flux density 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that from a typical flare. Gopalswamy et al. first reported the detection of the TMBs, and it was pointed out that the radio emission implied a region of very high magnetic field so that the emission mechanism has to be gyroresonance or nonthermal gyrosynchrotron, but not free-free emission. It was not possible to decide between gyroresonance and gyrosynchrotron processes because of the low time resolution (30 s) used in the data analysis. We have since performed a detailed analysis of the Very Large Array data with full time resolution (3.3 s) at two wavelengths (2 and 3.6 cm), and we can now adequately address the question of the emission mechanism of the TMBs. We find that nonthermal processes indeed take place during the TMBs. We present evidence for nonthermal emission in the form of temporal and spatial structure of the TMBs. The fast time structure cannot be explained by a thermodynamic cooling time and therefore requires a nonthermal process. Using the physical parameters obtained from X-ray and radio observations, we determine the magnetic field parameters of the loop and estimate the energy released during the TMBs. The impulsive components of TMBs imply an energy release rate of ~1.3×1022 ergs s−1, so the thermal energy content of the TMBs could be less than ~1024 ergs.