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Abstract
Today, graphene nanomaterials are produced on a large-scale and applied in various areas. The toxicity and hazards of graphene materials have aroused great concerns, in which the detection and quantification of graphene are essential for environmental risk evaluations. In this study, we developed a fast identification and quantification method for graphene oxide (GO) in aqueous environments using Raman spectroscopy. GO was chemically reduced by hydrazine hydrate to form partially reduced GO (PRGO), where the fluorescence from GO was largely reduced, and the Raman signals (G band and D band) were dominating. According to the Raman characteristics, GO was easily be distinguished from other carbon nanomaterials in aqueous environments, such as carbon nanotubes, fullerene and carbon nanoparticles. The GO concentration was quantified in the range of 0.001–0.6 mg/mL with good linearity. Using our technique, we did not find any GO in local water samples. The transport of GO dispersion in quartz sands was successfully quantified. Our results indicated that GO was conveniently quantified by Raman spectroscopy after partial reduction. The potential applications of our technique in the environmental risk evaluations of graphene materials are discussed further.
Highlights
Graphene and its derivatives are produced on a large-scale today, because graphene materials have a unique structure and fantastic properties [1,2]
Graphene has been widely applied in electronics [3], optical applications [4], catalysis [5], biomedicine [6], analysis [7], environmental technologies [8], and so on
We reduced graphene oxide (GO) by hydrazine hydrate to form partially reduced GO (PRGO), and achieved the quantification of GO in an aqueous environment using Raman spectroscopy, where hydrazine hydrate has been well proven as an efficient reducing reagent for GO [31]
Summary
Graphene and its derivatives are produced on a large-scale today, because graphene materials have a unique structure and fantastic properties [1,2]. GO induced meaningful toxicity to mice after an intravenous injection and pulmonary exposure [18,19] During these studies, GO showed obvious concentration-dependent toxicity. Dispersible graphene materials (mainly GO) could be quantified by a UV-Vis spectrometer following the Lambert-Beer law [23,24] Such attempts were widely reported in diverse applications and transport studies of GO [25,26]. It is necessary to develop a facile technique to reduce the fluorescence of GO for Raman spectroscopic quantification. The identification of different carbon nanomaterials in an aqueous environment using Raman spectroscopy was established and the local water samples from Chengdu city were analyzed. The implications of the Raman spectroscopic quantification of GO on the environmental risk evaluations of graphene materials are discussed further
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