Abstract
<p class="Abstract">In clinical laboratories the major quantity of errors regarding blood analyses occurs in the pre-analytical phase. Pre-analytical conditions are key necessary factors to maintain the high quality of specimens, to limit day-to-day and batch variations and to guarantee the absolute reliability and accuracy of clinical results and related diagnoses. The quality of the serum samples would have to be very high in order to avoid interferences due to hemolysis, preventing measurement errors. In addition, the quality of blood should be always monitored in a fast way to identify inadequacies and guarantee their complete usability in transfusion procedures. In a near future the solution could be supplying laboratories with smart and portable devices able to rapidly perform quality tests for every samples. Electrical impedance has a relevant potential in analyzing and monitoring blood quality. In this context, we propose a new simple impedance-based biosensor as a possible solution in the pre-analytical phase to efficiently perform fast impedance measurements, useful indicators to check the quality of the samples, ensuring the reliability of results and preventing laboratory errors. This sensor has been applied for the discrimination of different blood components, the identification of hemolysis in serum and the evaluation of blood consistency.</p>
Highlights
Blood is a biological fluid that circulates throughout the body and contains extensive information on the state of a person’s health and disease
Simple impedancebased biosensor that can perform accurate and efficient single and multi-frequency impedance measurements in the pre-analytical phase and to check the quality of blood samples using quantitative thresholds as useful indicators to ensure the reliability of results and thereby prevent laboratory errors
The properties of blood components, revealing that the electrical conductance decreases as the red blood cells concentration increases, can be qualitatively appreciated from the phase diagrams of Figure 3, where it is evident that all the blood components without red cells or containing damaged red cells have an impedance phase that is distinguishable from the impedance phase of samples with healthy red blood cells
Summary
Blood is a biological fluid that circulates throughout the body and contains extensive information on the state of a person’s health and disease It is composed of a conductive liquid (plasma) and a suspension of particles (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). When making decisions about diagnoses, necessary further investigations, or patient management, clinicians rely on the results of blood laboratory analyses It is, clearly necessary to ensure the reliability and the accuracy of these analyses in healthcare to guarantee that the laboratory tests accurately reflect the patient’s health state. A huge number of control systems have been developed and used in most clinical laboratories to maintain high quality in the analytical phase [1]. Despite that several methods and systems are currently used in clinics for the preparation of quality control samples [6], [7], in practice, they depend on high dimensions instrumentation and specific commercial kits, whose usage procedures require optimization
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