Fast automated dual-syringe based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples

Abstract

An automated procedure, combining low density solvent based solvent demulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water samples. Capitalizing on a two-rail commercial autosampler, fast solvent transfer using a large volume syringe dedicated to the DLLME process, and convenient extract collection using a small volume microsyringe for better GC performance were enabled. Extraction parameters including the type and volume of extraction solvent, the type and volume of dispersive solvent and demulsification solvent, extraction and demulsification time, and the speed of solvent injection were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linearity ranged from 0.1 to 50μg/L, 0.2 to 50μg/L, and 0.5 to 50μg/L, depending on the analytes. Limits of detection were determined to be between 0.023 and 0.058μg/L. The method was applied to determine PAHs in environmental water samples.