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Abstract
Fasciolosis cause economic losses in cattle that breed in Iraq and the world. About 4% of bovine liver’s samples included in the current study exhibited classical pathological lesions of fasciolosis. Samples of cattle livers infected with fasciolosis were taken for histopathology. Eighteen grading criteria with four scoring level have been chosen to grading the microscopic lesions caused by Fasciola hepatica into a mild infection (grade I), moderate infection (grade II) and severe infection (grade III). The type of hepatic degeneration or necrosis, cloudy cell swelling, coagulative necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, with patterns of infiltration, also type of infiltrated cells, fibrosis between hepatic cells or in portal area, affection to hepatic cords arrangement, hepatic sinusoids, extensions of hemorrhage, pigment deposition, hyperplasia of bile duct, thickness of hepatic capsule and presence of liver fluke were the main grading levels. In grade, I the microscopic lesions were characterized by simple or mild in their nature with very good reversible prognosis, while grade II characterized by moderate severity of the lesions with a good reversible prognosis, while grade III characterized by hostile severity with bad irreversible prognosis as a result of architecture changes in liver histology. In conclusion, we believed that this grading system could be used as a guide when examining histopathological liver's samples infected with F. hepatica to identify the stage of infection and proposed an accurate prognosis.
Highlights
Fasciolosis is a chronic disease that affects many hosts include farm animals especially cattle, these parasites cause a wasting disease in cattle with fetal prognosis [1]
The life cycle starts when infected final hosts shed the eggs that contain one miracidium with feces to environment, the miracidium release from egg to infect a lymnaeid snail which considers as intermediated host, these miracidium develop to cercaria inside snail body to be shed later on grass to develop into metacercaria under the effect of rainfall, metacercaria consider the infective stage to final hosts through ingestion, later metacercaria exocyst in duodenum to invade intestinal wall reach liver and biliary ducts, where they grow up to an adult worm, after few weeks of development the adult worms release eggs with feces to environment [4]
No histopathological study focuses on the gradual development of these lesions step by step, ; the purpose of current study was to fully report the development of histopathological lesions caused by these parasites by grading histopathological lesions into three different grades in order to give the exact diagnosis and accurate prognosis
Summary
Fasciolosis is a chronic disease that affects many hosts include farm animals especially cattle, these parasites cause a wasting disease in cattle with fetal prognosis [1]. It is caused by infection with two main pathogenic species which either Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica, they both belong to genus Fascial of family Fasciolidae of order Plagiorchiida of phylum Platyhelminthes of kingdom Animalia [2]. The persistence of adult worm in the biliary system will cause continuous irritation that results in an inflammatory reaction of chronic features [5]. No histopathological study focuses on the gradual development of these lesions step by step, ; the purpose of current study was to fully report the development of histopathological lesions caused by these parasites by grading histopathological lesions into three different grades in order to give the exact diagnosis and accurate prognosis
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