Fascial space priority approach for laparoscopic total pelvic exenteration in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Abstract

Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) with intent to achieve a pathological R0 resection is now considered as the only chance of a long-term survival for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) invading into adjacent organs. Lately, laparoscopic total pelvic exenteration (LTPE) is performed and achieved in several specialized centers and showed a promising application prospect. Although this is universally realized by surgeons, there are only few specialized centers to perform this complex surgery, due to concerns about the high morbidity and mortality. The techniques associated need to be disclosed and facilitated. The aim of this article is to introduce a fascial space priority approach for laparoscopic TPE step by step (with video). We describe here a fascial space priority approach for LTPE in highly selected patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The main principle of this approach is that all of the pelvic organs are considered as a whole, the non-vascular spaces surrounding it are separated in the first place, the vascular pedicle and nerve pedicle of pelvic organs can be isolated and then transected precisely. Meanwhile, the associated key landmarks of this approach are disclosed (see the video). The ureterohypogastric nerve fascia (UHGNF) and the vesicohypogastric fascia (VHGF) are two vital embryological planes on the lateral compartment of pelvis. The spaces on either side of them together with the retrorectal space, the space of Retzius, are all non-vascular spaces, and dissection of these spaces in LTPE surgery can be achieved simply and practicably. The ureter, the umbilical artery, the arcus tendinous fasciae pelvis (ATFP), piriformis and the puboprostatic ligament (PPL) are all important landmarks during surgery. Step-by-step illustration with precise anatomical landmarks in the present video may lead to less intraoperative blood loss and complications. LTPE with fascial space priority approach might be a standard surgical procedure for total pelvic exenteration with clear anatomy and reduced blood loss.