Familial Life in Thirukkural

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the impact of the novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) on the family and social lives of frontline healthcare workers during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: A total of 136 frontline healthcare workers working in COVID-19 clinics and wards, intensive care units (ICUs), and emergency units were included. A questionnaire consisting of 19 questions was applied to all participants through face-to-face interviews. The demographic and occupational characteristics and family and social lives of the participants were documented. Results: While 95 (69.9%) of the participants experienced negative consequences in their family life, 91 (66.9%) of them were found to have negative consequences in their social life. 51 of the healthcare professionals (37.5%) used spirituality as a strategy to cope with negative thoughts and emotions. During the pandemic, a statistically significant relationship was found between frontline work and family life, especially for those with children. Conclusion: The family and social lives of healthcare professionals who care for patients with Covid are adversely affected.

Digitalization has led to major changes in communi cation both in work and family life. However, these changes are like a double-edged sword: new pos sibilities of more frequent contact through digital means and new threats of greater distractions from family or work. Therefore, more thorough analysis of digital social contacts in work and family life is required. Abendroth with colleagues (2018) proposed a rotating module for Round 10 of the ESS which 1) identifies different dimensions of digital social con tact (frequency, content, costs and benefits involved) to allow for a broader understanding of digital phenomena, and 2) creates new possibilities from a European country-comparative perspective for mul tivariate analyses of the determinants of digital social contacts (e.g., social inequalities) and their conse quences, especially for relationship quality, work-life balance, and well-being. In this scientific study data of ESS10 edition 1.0 was used. Sample of Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia) consisted of 18060 respondents, 1659 of them were from Lithuania. Firstly, frequencies of face to face and digital social contacts in work and family life in Lithuania and Europe were analyzed. Then costs and benefits of digital social contacts, as well as relationships between different forms of contact and relationship quality were examined. Finally, work-family conflict was analyzed with rela tion to relationship quality at work and family and to wellbeing indicators such as life and job satisfaction, happiness, subjective health evaluation. Digital social contacts in work and family life were included into this analysis of work-family conflict both as direct factors and as mediators/ moderators. The main findings revealed that in Lithuania digital social contacts were used less frequently than face to face ones both in work (communicating with a leader and co-workers) and family (communicating with a child aged 12 or over and parents) life. In comparison with other European countries, Lithua nians used face to face contact with a child aged 12 or over and with co-workers less often, but the use of digital contact with a child and parents when you can see each other on the screen or with a leader using telephone was more frequent. Besides, Lithua nians were more favorable when evaluating benefits of digital social contacts and less strict when evaluat ing costs except the evaluation of the statement that online and mobile communication exposes people to misinformation. Both in Lithuania and other European countries work-family conflict on average was experienced only sometimes. Lower relationship quality in work and family life was related to higher work-family conflict and higher work-family conflict was related to lower life and job satisfaction, less happiness and worse subjective health. Work-family conflict was not related to the frequency of digital social contacts at work and family in Lithuania directly. However, fre quency of digital social contacts with a child aged 12 or over (communication via text, email or messaging apps) mediated the relationship between relation ship quality with a child and work-family conflict. Frequency of digital social contacts with a child aged 12 or over (communication via text, email or messag ing apps or seeing each other on the screen) also acted as a moderator in the relationship between work-family conflict and happiness. Frequency of digital social contacts with co-workers (communi cation using a phone) moderated the relationship between work-family conflict and job satisfaction. More significant results of digital social contacts as direct factors and mediators/ moderators in the analysis of work-family conflict were found in general ESS10 sample (edition 1.0) than in Lithuania. With reference to literature review and data analysis, recommendations for practitioners and directions for future research are proposed.

This special issue of Comparative Population Studies on Geographical Mobilities and Family Lives is drawn from a selection of papers presented at the Interim Meeting of the Research Network on Family and Intimate Lives of the European Sociological Association, which took place in Wiesbaden in the Fall of 2011. Although the fi ve papers included in the special issue focus on distinct national contexts, concern dissimilar issues and use different methodologies, they all contribute to the advancement of the understanding of spatial dimensions of family life. This understanding has been made easier by recent changes in family sociology, which has rejected the assumption that family units are always and above all constituted by domestic households. This challenge to the Parsonian view of families, which sees them as nuclear, has enabled researchers to emphasise the importance of spatial localisations of family members for understanding family processes. To some extent, all families are multi-local: Individuals have always had signifi cant family members living elsewhere. The forms of family multi-localism, however, change according to the historical and social contexts. The multi-localism of contemporary families is exemplifi ed by the study of Isengard (in this special issue), which deals with the distance between the residence of individuals and their adult children. Typically, this distance becomes of central concern when one considers family ties beyond the household unit as functionally important. The study of Isengard, based on data collected for 14 countries by the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) shows that a variety of factors stemming from the macro-contexts as well as from the social status of respondents infl uences the localisation of parents and their adult children. The position of individuals in the family life cycle as well as their socio-economic situation have an impact on the living distance between parents and children. The analysis also revealed that in the south of Europe, parents and their adult children live far closer than in the northern parts, a likely consequence of distinct social policies and other structural constraints. The fi ndings of the study are important, as residential distance has a whole series of consequences for exchanges between family generations. Family multilocalism has one of its roots in migration practices, which are obviously linked with work and job demands. Therefore, an interest for the link between job-mobility and family life has developed during the last decade, which eventually lead to the funding by the EU of the Job mobility and family life research project, Comparative Population Studies – Zeitschrift fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft Vol. 38, 2 (2013): 229-232 (Date of release: 25.06.2013)

This study explored the associations between family support and satisfaction with life, food-related life and family life. It also assessed the associations between both parents’ work-life balance and satisfaction with life, food-related life and family life among adolescent children from dual-earner families. Questionnaires were administered to 303 dual-earner families with one child between 10 and 17 years in Temuco, Chile. Adolescents answered the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale (SWFoL), Satisfaction with Family Life scale (SWFaL) and the Family subscale of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Both parents answered the Work-life Balance (WLB) scale. Using structural equation modelling and having controlled for adolescents’ gender, age and socioeconomic status, we confirmed that adolescent life satisfaction is associated with satisfaction with family life and food-related life. Food-related life satisfaction and family life satisfaction had complete mediating roles between perceived family support and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Satisfaction with food-related life also had a complete mediating role between both parents’ WLB and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Satisfaction with family life had a complete mediating role between mothers’ WLB and adolescents’ life satisfaction. In addition, mothers’ WLB was positively associated with perceived family support among adolescents. These findings suggest the need to improve family support and work-life balance among mothers in order to enhance adolescents’ satisfaction with different domains of life in dual-earner families.

The object of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is the quality of working, family and personal life. The subject of the study is the features of the quality of work, family and personal life of remote female workers who started working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. For women, most of whom have “dual employment” at work and at home, the relevance of assessing the quality of their work, family and personal life while working remotely is growing. The article analyzes the results of the author's survey of women who received their first experience of remote work during the pandemic. The authors come to the conclusion that the transition to a remote format basically did not affect the labor productivity and the level of remuneration of the women surveyed. Significant positive factors include: saving time for transport; the ability to combine work and household chores; the ability to independently plan work time, free schedule; the ability not to adapt to the dress code and corporate rules. Significant negative changes include changes that reduce the quality of working life: the boundaries between work and home are violated, overtime, there is no full disconnection and rest from work; lack of communication with colleagues; interfere, distract children, husband, other relatives; it is difficult to organize a workplace at home and it is difficult to motivate yourself to start working, it is difficult to concentrate. The highest differentiation in the frequency of choosing one answer or another is observed among respondents on the basis of “having children”. In general, such women find significantly fewer disadvantages than women who do not have children, or women whose age of all children is over 14 years old. The remote employment format for women raising young children is more likely to improve the quality of their work, personal and family life than vice versa. The hypothesis that dissatisfaction with remote work would be more common in the older age group was not confirmed.

Contemporary Family and the Diversity of Family Life Formpp. Slovakia (as well as other post communistic countries) has been experiencing dynamic changes in family behaviour since 1989, which is reflected in the diversity of family life formpp. The dominant type, nuclear family, which is formed by two parents and a child or children, has been extended, in the process of family behaviour changes, by forms such as a family formed by one adult (a parent) or informal partnership couplepp. The study is aimed at the process of diversification of family behaviour, seeks to present a view of new forms of family and partnership life, and analyzes their difficulties and limitpp. This analysis focuses on five forms of family and partnership life which are typical of the current development and are organized with regard to family life cycle: single, cohabitation, marriage, one parent and reconstructed family. In the conclusion, the author indicates recommendations for family and school education aiming at improving the preparation of students and the young for family life.

Moral landscapes and everyday life in families with Huntington’s disease: Aligning ethnographic description and bioethics

To examine the impact of psychosocial stress, experienced in the family and work life, on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women cardiac patients. Longitudinal follow-up study. The mean luminal diameter change over 3 years was averaged over 10 predefined coronary segments, representing the entire coronary tree. Stress in family life was measured by using the Stockholm Marital Stress Scale and that of work life by the demand-control questionnaire. Amongst patients enrolled in the Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study, 80 women were evaluated for stress exposure and coronary atherosclerosis progression using serial quantitative coronary angiography. Multi-variable-controlled mixed models anova analyses revealed that women with high stress from either family or work had significant disease progression over 3 years, whereas those with low stress had only slight progression. In women who were free of stress from either family or work life, i.e. they were satisfied with both of these life domains, the coronary artery changes had regressed. Their mean coronary luminal diameter increased by 0.22 mm (95% CI: 0.10; 0.35 mm) when compared with women who experienced stress from both sources, whose luminal diameter decreased by 0.20 mm (95% CI: -0.14; -0.25). These associations were independent of baseline luminal diameter and standard cardiovascular risk factors, including age smoking, hypertension and HDL at baseline. Stress from family or work life may accelerate coronary disease processes in women, whereas relative protection may be obtained from a satisfactory job and a happy marriage.

Work, Family, and Community: Exploring Interconnections. Patricia Voydanoff. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2007. 196 pp. ISBN 0-8058-5620-X. $59.95 (hardback). ISBN 0-8058-5621-8. $29.95 (paperback). In 1987, when Patricia Voydanoff wrote Work and Family Life, the worlds of work and famUy looked different than diey do today. With more women working outside die home, the ending of welfare as we know it, the increasing diversity of family structures, and other changes in family and work life, researchers have increasingly focused on the interaction between work and family. Twenty years after publishing Work and Family Life, Voydanoff adds to this effort with Work, Family, and Community: Exploring Interconnections. In this latest book, Voydanoff builds on the earlier book and adds community as a new dimension to a model of how work and family affect individuals. By integrating community into the model, Voydanoff provides readers with a more complete portrait of how work, family, and community can intersect to affect how people fare in their roles in the workplace, home, and community. The book is organized into eight chapters. Voydanoff first presents a conceptual model of the interconnections between work, family, and community using an ecological systems approach. This approach demonstrates the interconnections by examining how the environment affects people at different levels of interaction. Attention focuses primarily on the interactions at the mesosystem level, which is the level that links together the experiences a person has across domains, such as work and family or work and community. The author then discusses problems with the worker-earner role, which center around the difficulties of maintaining stable employment and earning sufficient income. This discussion is followed by an examination of the demands and resources both within and across the work, family, and community domains. The author shows how demands and resources affect the work-family fit, which in turn affects the balance between work and family and has consequences for role performance and quality and well-being. A discussion of aspects of the model that need additional research and the implications of the model for policies and programs conclude the book. One of the strengths of this book is its recognition of the role played by communities in work and family life. Oftentimes, the study of community is distinct and separate from that of work and family. Instead of being studied independently from work and family, community warrants inclusion as a context that affects how well people function within the workplace and home. Community includes the local community, the smaller geographic neighborhood, and friends who provide nonfamily interaction. The community can drain resources through the time spent volunteering in organizations and associations and helping friends and neighbors, as well as produce strains from neighborhood problems and excessive requests from friends for help. …

Background: There has been much debate whether work and family lives became more complex in past decades, that is, exhibiting more frequent transitions and more uncertainty. Van Winkle and Fasang (2017) and Van Winkle (2018) first benchmarked change in employment and family complexity over time against cross-national differences in 14 European countries. Compared to sizeable and stable cross-national differences, the increase in employment and family complexity was small across cohorts. However, these studies could not include cohorts born past the late 1950s assumed to be most affected by the structural changes driving life course complexity and were limited to a relatively small set of West European countries. Objective: We replicate and extend these studies by adding over 15 additional countries in Eastern Europe and a decade of younger birth cohorts. Methods: The 3rd and 7th waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, sequence complexity metrics, and cross-classified modelling are used to simultaneously quantify the proportions of variance attributable to cohort and country differences in work and family lives between ages 18 to 50. Results: The updated findings still support a negligible increase in family complexity and a moderate increase in employment complexity that pale in comparison to large and stable cross-national differences for individuals born between 1916 and 1966 for work and family lives experienced from 1934 to 2016 in 30 European countries. Specifically, 15 and 10% of employment and family complexity is nested across countries, compared to 5.5 and 2% across birth cohorts. However, the analyses also indicate a polarization in Europe between most Eastern and Southern European countries with stable and low family complexity compared to Nordic and some Western European countries with high and increasing family complexity. In contrast, moderately increasing employment complexity is a Europe-wide trend. Conclusions: This study both replicates the original studies’ findings that cross-cohort change is minor compared to large cross-national differences, and is a substantive extension by addressing a large deficit of description on family and employment life course change in the Balkan and Baltic regions. Contribution: Cross-national comparisons are particularly promising for understanding the institutional drivers of employment and family instability.

Departing from a qualitative research approach, this chapter focuses on Ironman triathletes and their family life. The main purpose of the chapter is to investigate how an elite amateur lifestyle is upheld and balanced with the demands of a sustainable family and social life. The results indicate that the process of becoming and staying an Ironman creates tensions in intimate relationships, making it hard to bring the family life puzzle together. Elite amateur sport involves extreme bodies and extreme discipline. The materiality of these bodily projects clearly interferes with family life and sets limits on what can be achieved in terms of valuable intimate time. Although the participants interviewed often talk about family life in terms of sharing things fairly equally, in terms of gender equity and involved parenthood, this seemingly is not always an easy ideal to fulfil in practice. On a broader cultural level, these findings can thus be contextualised in relation to discourses associated with the gendering of families and functions, and, of course, the gender of sport and performance.

Retrospective cohort study. To evaluate the effects of two periods of rehabilitation among people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center (SSRC), China. A total of 130 people with SCI who received two periods of rehabilitation participated in the study. Outcome measures included basic life skills (15 items) and their applications in family and social life (8 items). Six factors were identified from the 23 items by factor analysis: self-care and transfer skills; basic life skills application in social life; cognition and emotion; basic life skills application in family life; walking and climbing stairs; and wheelchair skills. Standardized scores ranging from 0 to 100 were used to show the rehabilitation outcome in a histogram. Median scores for self-care and transfer skills, wheelchair skills, cognition and emotion, and their applications in family and social life improved significantly (7-80%, p < 0.01) over the first rehabilitation period, while no improvement was observed in walking and climbing stairs. Five factors showed a significant sustained effect (p < 0.01) upon admission to the second rehabilitation period, except walking and climbing stairs. By enrolling in the second period of rehabilitation, participants acquired significant additional improvement (5-43%, p < 0.01) in rehabilitation outcomes, except in cognition and emotion, walking and climbing stairs. Two periods of rehabilitation were efficacious at increasing the abilities of basic life skills and their applications in family and social life. The potential benefits of continuous rehabilitation merit further research.

The article examines the content and application of the principle of inadmissibility of interference in family life. It is established that the principle of inadmissibility of interference in family life is one of the key in family law and contains signs of intersectoral. Proper guarantee of non-interference in family life is an integral part of a person's autonomy and an indicator of the state's fulfillment of the obligation to regulate family relations only to a minimum.&#x0D; She studied the provisions of international acts (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) and the national legislation of Ukraine. It was found that different terminology is used in international and national acts, but the fixed concepts are meaningful content of the principle of inadmissibility of interference in family life.&#x0D; An analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on the understanding of the concept of "family life". It has been established that the ECtHR interprets the term "family life" quite broadly and is not limited to marital relations, but may cover other actual "family ties".&#x0D; Attention is drawn to the problem of collecting private information about a person via the Internet. Analysis of human activity on the Internet in general, as well as on social networks should not be carried out without his consent. That is why it is proposed at the level of legislation to provide for the obligation of both developers of computer programs that analyze human actions and collect information about them, and owners of sites on the Internet when visiting them to warn people that such actions can be traced.&#x0D; The positive responsibilities of the state to guarantee respect for family life, protection from others, as well as to establish legal certainty in family relations and protect the secrecy of family life were analyzed.&#x0D; It is substantiated that the principle of inadmissibility of interference in family life is a principle enshrined in written law, which provides for respect for family life, prohibition of any illegal, arbitrary interference in family life, as well as protection of the secrecy of family life.

Academic mobility is usually perceived and discussed as a positive phenomenon — as a prerequisite for building a competitive and successful economy and quality science. Academic mobility has now become essential to building a successful academic career in many research domains. On the policy level the negative impact of academic mobility on researchers’ lives and especially women’s is usually overlooked and marginalized. In my paper I focus on academic mobility in the context of academics’ relationships and family lives. I ask two research questions: What is the impact of mobility on researchers’ relationships? How does mobility affect the lives of the partners of mobile researchers? The analysis is based on i) 16 in-depth interviews with academics from various fields of research about their experiences of long-term fellowships abroad in the early stages of their academic path and on ii) 16 in-depth joint interviews with Czech dualcareer academic couples. The analysis shows that academic mobility has a great and significant impact on the family and partnership lives of migrating researchers. For many, especially the partners of migrating researchers, mobility means they have to make many concessions in their private and family lives. I conclude that the impact of academic mobility on people’s partnership lives is highly gendered because couples’ work and family lives are closely intertwined.

National surveys of nearly 3300 parents (and other caregivers) of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers with or at-risk for developmental delays were conducted to ascertain the sources of naturally occurring learning opportunities afforded young children in the context of family and community life. One group of parents completed a survey about family life as sources of learning opportunities (N = 1723), and another group completed a survey of community life as sources of learning opportunities (N = 1560). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that both family and community life were each made up of 11 different categories of learning opportunities. Results indicate the 22 categories provide a framework for recognizing and identifying sources of learning opportunities providing children a rich array of experiences constituting natural learning environments.