Familial adult-onset Alexander disease with a novel mutation (D78N) in the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene with unusual bilateral basal ganglia involvement

Abstract

In this report, we describe the case of a new Japanese family (32 to 64years old; 2 females and 1 male) affected by adult-onset Alexander disease. Clinically, one member (age at onset, 56years old) developed cerebellar ataxia, another (age at onset, 55years old) showed cerebellar ataxia and pseudobulbar signs, and one member (32years old) was asymptomatic. Marked atrophy of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord was detected in the two symptomatic patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, in the asymptomatic patient, cervicomedullary atrophy was mild. Hyperintensity signals in the medulla oblongata were detected in the two symptomatic patients, but not in the asymptomatic patient. In addition, there are symmetrical hyperintensity signals in the posterior part of the globus pallidus on T2-weighted images in the two symptomatic patients, which are rarely observed in adult-onset Alexander disease. Molecular genetic analysis revealed a novel missense mutation (p. D78N) in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene in this family. The typical atrophy of the medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord detected by MRI is the diagnostic feature of adult-onset Alexander disease. Genetic analysis of the GFAP gene is recommended for all patients with late-onset progressive ataxia and suspected of having adult-onset Alexander disease on the basis of MRI findings. Additionally, these characteristic MRI patterns might even lead to the identification of asymptomatic cases, as in one of our cases.