Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to pathogenic microbes. The first line of cellular host defense is composed of “professional” phagocytes, cells that efficiently recognize pathogens, internalize them, and then marshal an array of antimicrobial mechanisms to destroy them. Nevertheless, successful pathogens evade or survive such attack. A particularly subversive strategy is to manipulate normal phagocyte behaviors to benefit the microbe, sometimes even turning the phagocyte from a threat to a safe haven. In this environment, the microbes can multiply while protected from immune surveillance, and in some cases, even travel to the most protected host site, the brain. This gives rise to the Trojan horse analogy: like the wooden horse that carried hidden enemies through the gates into the walled city of Troy, phagocytes carry intracellular microbes through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS).
Highlights
OPEN ACCESSNiaid.nih.gov) grants AI114549, AI102882, and AI078795 to TLD; NIH T32 AI007172 to FHS; and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund
Humans are constantly exposed to pathogenic microbes
The brain has been considered an immune-privileged site because it lacks the normal robust inflammatory responses to antigenic challenges. It does have an active immune surveillance system [1] that involves the extravasation of leukocytes, mostly monocytes and lymphocytes, into the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Summary
Niaid.nih.gov) grants AI114549, AI102882, and AI078795 to TLD; NIH T32 AI007172 to FHS; and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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