False Data Injection Attacks on Hybrid AC/HVDC Interconnected Systems With Virtual Inertia—Vulnerability, Impact and Detection

Kaikai Pan,Elyas Rakhshani,Peter Palensky

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3013889

Kaikai Pan, Elyas Rakhshani + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3013889

Copy DOI

Abstract

Power systems are moving towards hybrid AC/DC grids with the integration of HVDC links, renewable resources and energy storage modules. The load frequency control (LFC) of tomorrow has to consider the complex interactions between these components. Meanwhile, more attention should be paid to cyber security concerns as the LFC loop highly depends on data communications which may be exposed to cyber attacks. In this regard, this article aims to analyze the false data injection (FDI) attacks on the AC/DC interconnected LFC system with inertia emulation and develop advanced diagnosis tools to reveal their occurrence. We build an optimization-based framework for the purpose of vulnerability analysis. Considering the attack impact on frequency stability, it is shown that the multi-area LFC system with parallel AC/DC links and emulated inertia by storage devices is more vulnerable to FDI attacks, compared to the one without inertia emulation and the normal AC system. We then propose a detection approach to detect and isolate each FDI intrusion with a sufficient fast response, and even recover the attack value. In addition to theoretical results, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations on the two-area AC/DC interconnected LFC system with inertia emulation capabilities.

Highlights

Recent advances in power electronics have made HVDC links and renewable energy resources (RES) more popular in power system applications [1]
We have known that a DC grid generally has a low tolerance to a fault, but it still remains largely unexplored how the hybrid AC/DC multi-area load frequency control (LFC) system behaves under an false data injection (FDI) attack
To evaluate the vulnerability and impact of the multi-area LFC system to FDI attacks and validate the effectiveness of the proposed attack detection methodology, we study the exemplary two-area system with parallel AC/DC links and added energy storage systems (ESS) for inertia emulation, and provide numerical results

Summary

Introduction

Recent advances in power electronics have made HVDC links and renewable energy resources (RES) more popular in power system applications [1]. To better support frequency control in the modern scenarios, research activities have been carried out to develop different approaches for inertia emulation tasks [2], [3]. Such transformation does lead to more adaptation of conventional control schemes such as the load frequency control (LFC) to handle complex interactions between these components, and introduce an increasing dependence on data communications. The new model of LFC must consider hybrid AC/HVDC multi-area systems incorporating virtual inertia emulation by bulk energy storage systems (ESS) [4]. One need advanced tools to understand the attack strategies and detect them sufficiently fast in the context of AC/DC multi-area LFC system with emulated inertia by ESS

Objectives

Results

Conclusion