Abstract
Beams of energetic heavy ions are used in many different fields, for example, in biology for testing radiation damage in cells, in geochronology for dating of natural minerals, and in nanotechnology for fabricating nanostructures. One of the most prominent applications is the hadron tumor-therapy, which proves to be extremely successful as shown in clinical studies.When energetic ions penetrate into matter, the material along the path of the projectile undergoes complex processes: atoms are ionized, electron cascades develop, molecular bonds break, and atoms are shifted from their equilibrium positions. In many solids, mainly insulators, so-called ion tracks develop.
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