Failure rate of frontal versus parietal approaches for proximal catheter placement in ventriculoperitoneal shunts: revisited

Abstract

Early studies on ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions demonstrated that proximal catheter obstruction was the most common cause for shunt malfunction and choroid plexus was the primary culprit for catheter obstruction. Subsequently, several studies were performed using stereotactic and endoscopic guidance systems to assist with optimal placement of proximal shunt catheters. Surgeons collectively agree that optimum placement of the proximal catheter tip is away from choroid plexus in the frontal horn. To achieve this catheter placement, neurosurgeons typically choose a frontal or parietal approach. Two previous studies comparing parietal and frontal shunt failure rates in the pediatric population have different conclusions. Thus, we decided to compare proximal catheter failure rates of frontal versus parietal approaches on 117 patients (ages ranging from 1 month to 80 years) who had undergone ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement at our institution. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significantly higher malfunction rate in the patients less than 3 years of age and a lower overall malfunction rate in patients shunted for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between the two surgical approaches. Thus, we concluded after reviewing the literature, that regardless of the initial surgical approach, the most important variable in shunt malfunction appears to be the final destination of the catheter tip in relation to the choroid plexus.