Abstract
Under service conditions, laminated composite structures develop matrix cracks, fiber-matrix debonds, fiber fractures, and delaminations. These effects, which cause permanent loss of integrity within the laminate, are termed damage, and they result in the loss of stiffness and strength of the material. As a result, the load-carrying capacity and the service life of the structure is reduced. When a structure or a component ceases to carry out its intended function, it is said to have ‘failed’. For example, the microcracks observed within a layer constitute damage. As these microcracks grow in size and number, they coalesce and develop into debonds, resulting in a reduction of the load-carrying capacity of the laminate. In order to determine the load carrying capacity and service life of a composite structure, it is necessary to predict the initiation and evolution of damage.
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