Abstract

This paper takes a critical look at the way the ‘failed state’ concept has been understood and operationalised, especially in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Drawing on five case studies—Afghanistan, Somalia, Liberia, Sudan, and the Niger Delta region of Nigeria—it examines the circumstances under which the ‘failed state’ label is (or is not) applied. We argue that the use of the ‘failed state’ label is inherently political, and based primarily on Western perceptions of Western security and interests. States called ‘failed’ are primarily those in which the recession and informalisation of the state is perceived to be a threat to Western interests; in other states, however, this feature of state functioning is not only accepted, but also to a certain degree facilitated, as it creates an enabling environment for business and international capital. These cases are not branded ‘failed states’. Crucially, labelling states as ‘failed’ (or not) operates as a means of delineating the range of acceptable policy responses to those states, including the viability of military responses. Este documento toma una visión crítica sobre la manera como el concepto de ‘estado fallido’ se ha entendido y hecho operacional, especialmente a consecuencia de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. Con base en los estudios de 5 casos – Afganistán, Somalia, Liberia, Sudan y el Delta del Níger, región de Nigeria – examina las circunstancias bajo las cuales el ‘estado fallido’ se ha (o no se ha) clasificado. Planteamos que el uso de una clasificación de estado fallido es inherentemente político y principalmente con base en las percepciones occidentales de su propia seguridad e intereses del estado. Los estados llamados ‘fallidos’ son principalmente aquellos en que la recesión y la informalización del estado se perciben como una amenaza a los intereses occidentales; en otros estados, sin embargo, esta característica del estado en función no sólo se acepta, sino que además se facilita en cierto grado, debido a que crea un ambiente propicio para los negocios y el capital internacional. Estos casos no se califican como ‘estados fallidos’. Fundamentalmente, clasificar (o no) a los estados como ‘fallidos’ funciona como un recurso para delinear la variedad de respuestas políticas aceptables a esos estados, incluyendo la viabilidad de respuestas militares.

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