Abstract
Encarsia smithi (Silvestri) and Encarsia opulenta (Silvestri) are primary parasites of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, but E. smithi is also a hyperparasite. Diploid E. smithi larvae are primary parasites, whereas haploid larvae are parasites of conspecific diploids as well as of diploids of E. opulenta . Virgin females of E. smithi deposit haploid eggs in mature larvae or pupae of E. opulenta or E. smithi to produce male offspring by arrhenotoky. Mated females deposit diploid eggs in A. woglumi nymphs and produce female progeny irrespective of whether the hosts are already parasitized by E. opulenta or unparasitized. Diploid eggs or as many as four newly emerged larvae of E. smithi were found in A. woglumi gastric caeca. Larvae moved into the body cavity of A. woglumi as late second instars. Mated female E. smithi also have the option to produce males by ovipositing haploid eggs in A. woglumi nymphs already parasitized by either E. smithi or E. opulenta .
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