Abstract
BackgroundThe literature identifies several factors that are associated with lower limb performance (LLP). However, there is little consensus on which factors have the major associations with LLP.ObjectiveExamine, analyze and summarize the scientific evidence on the factors associated with the performance of LLP in children and adolescents of both sexes aged between 7 and 17 years.DesignThis systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and was registered in PROSPERO.Data sourcesA systematic literature search of five electronic databases (i.e., SPORTDiscus, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS) with date restrictions was conducted (2010 to 2021).Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligibility criteria included (i) a study published between 2010 and 2021; (ii) a research study with observational design; (iii) a study analyzing LLP; and (iv) a sample composed of young people between 7 and 17 years old (regardless of sex).AnalysesLiterature analysis was carried out in English and Portuguese between 2018 and 2021, “blindly” by two researchers. For data sorting, Rayyan® was used. Data extraction and evidence analysis were performed “blindly”, using the Loney scale. The minimum items for observational studies were analyzed by the STROBE checklist. Meta-analyses were conducted based on age group (Childhood [7 to 11 Yrs] and Adolescence [12 to 17 Yrs]) and puberty stages (i.e., Prepupertal and Pubertal). The heterogeneity between the samples of the studies was assessed using the “Cochran’s Q” and “I^2” statistics. Meta-regression analyses were performed to check the factors related to heterogeneity of the studies and to check the associations between chronological age and LLP.ResultsThe literature search resulted in 1,109,650 observational studies of which 39 were included in this review. Through Meta-analysis and Meta-regressions, it was possible to indicate that advancing chronological age related to increased LLP (p<0.01), and that in relation to puberty stages pubertal subjects had higher LLP than their pre-pubertal peers (p<0.01).DiscussionThe main findings of the present systematic review suggest that as chronological age advances (childhood to adolescence), neuromuscular systems mature and this may be due to advancing puberty, which is also associated with an increase in LLP.ConclusionThe factors associated with lower limbs performance are still inconsistent in the literature. However, advancing chronological age and stage of puberty are both associated with increased lower limbs performance.Trial registrationID-PROSPERO-CRD42020137925.
Highlights
For children and adults, lower limbs performance (LLP) is considered a significant component for high performance in several sports (e.g,basketball, volleyball, football, karate, etc.) [1,2,3,4]
Through Meta-analysis and Meta-regressions, it was possible to indicate that advancing chronological age related to increased lower limb performance (LLP) (p
Advancing chronological age and stage of puberty are both associated with increased lower limbs performance
Summary
Lower limbs performance (LLP) is considered a significant component for high performance in several sports (e.g,basketball, volleyball, football, karate, etc.) [1,2,3,4]. Using specific tests for LLP it is possible to classify the physical fitness of young people in relation to functionality and sports performance [10, 11] Such results can contribute to guiding coaches and health professionals on appropriate modifications of training regimes to improve the health and motor performance of children and adolescents [10, 11]. It is noteworthy that, during puberty, the variability in differences in physical and motor aspects between individuals of the same chronological age (CA) can be very significant [12] Given this assumption, when analysing LLP in young people it is necessary to take into account not just their chronological age and their stage of biological maturation (BM) (i.e., improvement in biological functions) [12, 13]. There is little consensus on which factors have the major associations with LLP
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