Abstract
Organophosphate is widely used in agriculture in Indonesia and contributes to a public health problem. However, the risk factors of organophosphate exposure, particularly in children living in the agricultural area, have not been described. The research aimed to assess the risk factors associated with organophosphate pesticide exposure on school children living in the agricultural area. This work was a cross-sectional study in 2017 with 166 school children were selected by simple random sampling. Structured questionnaires identified risk factors. Organophosphate metabolites detected by using LC-MS/MS. While chi-square and binary logistic tests as statistical analysis (α=0.05; 95%CI). In 28.9% of subjects, organophosphate metabolites were detected. Cut the onion leaves (p=0.002, OR=3.33, 95% CI:1.55−7.15), the onion, pesticide equipment, or pesticide in their neighbors (p=0.007; OR=2.67; 95%CI:1.31−5.46) was associated with organophosphate pesticide exposure. Involvement in agriculture activities and the onion, pesticide equipment, or pesticide in the neighbor.
Highlights
The registered pesticides in Indonesia from 2011 to October 2016 tend to increase
A previous study revealed that the children who live in agricultural communities have higher organophosphate metabolite levels in the urine (Arcury et al, 2007; Lu et al, 2000; Roberts and Karr, 2012)
This work seeks to determine which risk factors are related to organophosphate pesticide exposure in school children living in the agricultural area
Summary
The registered pesticides in Indonesia from 2011 to October 2016 tend to increase. The insecticide is the most pesticide registered compare to others (Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, 2016). Children who live in agricultural communities may be exposed to pesticides from nearby agriculture fields, or parents bring the contaminants to home (Bradman et al, 2011; Curl et al, 2002). A previous study revealed that the children who live in agricultural communities have higher organophosphate metabolite levels in the urine (Arcury et al, 2007; Lu et al, 2000; Roberts and Karr, 2012). Dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites in urine are widely used to analyze the organophosphate pesticide exposure in humans (Bradman et al, 2013; De Alwis et al, 2008). The risk factors for pesticide exposure in school children remain unclear. This work seeks to determine which risk factors are related to organophosphate pesticide exposure in school children living in the agricultural area
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