Abstract
A decline in the body’s motor functions has been linked to decreased muscle mass and function in the oral cavity and throat; however, aging of the junctions of the muscles and bones has also been identified as an associated factor. Basic and clinical studies on the muscles, tendons and bones, each considered independently, have been published. In recent years, however, research has focused on muscle attachment as the muscle–tendon–bone complex from various perspectives, and there is a growing body of knowledge on SRY-box9 (Sox9) and Mohawk(Mkx), which has been identified as a common controlling factor and a key element. Myostatin, a factor that inhibits muscle growth, has been identified as a potential key element in the mechanisms of lifetime structural maintenance of the muscle–tendon–bone complex. Findings in recent studies have also uncovered aspects of the mechanisms of motor organ complex morphostasis in the superaged society of today and will lay the groundwork for treatments to prevent motor function decline in older adults.
Highlights
Factors Involved in Morphogenesis in Recently, sarcopenia, decreased muscle strength with age, has drawn increasing attention
Their study found that tendons that differentiated from cranial neural crest cells play an important role in the formation of the musculotendinous junction at sites that are in contact with muscle; in other words, that some of the collagen fibers in the tendinous tissues are inserted into the muscle over time throughout the course of development
The attachments of muscles described in this article are specialized areas that connect skeletal muscle and tendinous tissues
Summary
Factors Involved in Morphogenesis in Recently, sarcopenia, decreased muscle strength with age, has drawn increasing attention. Sarcopenia causes muscle functional decline, such as decreased grip strength and walking speed, and is proposed as a concept to describe decreased muscle mass in the aged body [1]. The term to describe such an age-related decrease in muscle mass was coined by Rosenberg in 1989, combining the Greek terms sarx (flesh) and penia (loss) [2]. The functional decrease with aging is related to muscle mass and strength and to the effects of age-related structural changes in various tissues connected to the muscles. This article summarizes the trends in research on muscle attachment from various perspectives under the premise that understanding the motor organ components of muscle attachment is crucial for uncovering the factors involved in age-related functional decline.
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